THE RADIOLARIA. 85 



may have the form of detached spicula, or of coarticulated 

 rods, or of networks, or of plates of silicious matter, often of 

 the most exquisite delicacy and beauty. Most of the Hadi- 

 olaria are simple, solitary, and microscopical in size ; but 

 some, such as Collosphcera and Sphcerozoum (Figs. 5 and 6), 

 are formed of aggregates of such simple forms, and float, as 

 visible gelatinous masses, at the surface of the sea, which is 

 the habitation of the great majority of the Hadiolaria. 



The manner of multiplication and the development of the 

 Hadiolaria have not yet been thoroughly worked out. Cien- 

 kowsky, how T ever, has observed, in Collosph&ra, that the 

 protoplasm contained in the central capsule breaks up into 

 numerous rounded masses. The several capsules which are 

 associated together in the compound Radiolarian then be- 

 come isolated, by the dissolution of the protoplasm which 

 invested and connected them, and finally burst, giving exit 

 to the rounded bodies ; which, while yet within the capsules, 

 were observed to be in active motion. The germs (for such 

 they appear to be) thus set free are 0.008 mm. long, ovate, 

 and carrv two flagelliform cilia at their narrow ends ; so that 

 they are " monads." Each has in its interior a crystalline rod 

 and a few minute oil-globules. The further development of 

 these mastigopods has not yet been traced ; but, if, as is 

 probable, they pass into young Hadiolaria (which, according 

 to Haeckel, possess no capsule, but resemble Arti/iosphce- 

 ria), the Hadiolaria, as members of the Endoplastiea, would 

 typify Protomonas among the JSIonera. Neither conjugation 

 nor fission has been observed among the ordinary Hadio- 

 laria, but both these processes take place in Actinosphm- 

 rium y and, considering the resemblance of the young Hadio- 

 laria to Actinosphcerium, it seems probable that conjugation 

 and fission will yet be discovered among them. 



Aetinosphcerium has been observed to undergo multipli- 

 cation, by division of its central substance into a certain 

 number of spheroids, and every spheroid becomes inclosed in 

 a silicious case. After a period of rest, a young Actinosphce- 

 rium emerges from each of these cysts. 



The marine Hadiolaria all inhabit the superficial stratum 

 of the sea, and must fabricate their skeletons at the expense 

 of the infinitesimal!? small proportion of silex which is dis- 

 solved in sea-water; but, when they die, these skeletons sink 

 to the bottom, and there accumulate, together with the Fora- 

 minifera, in warm and temperate regions ; and with the 

 cases of the diatomaceous plants, which abound at the sur- 



