include methods of laying and maintaining pipelines in deeper 

 waters and the development of multi-phase pumping (simultane- 

 ously moving oil and gas in the same line). Multi-phase pump- 

 ing could reduce use of separate gas and oil lines (diminish- 

 ing the number of pipelines and their environmental effects) 

 as well as eliminate the need for separation and treatment 

 facilities in subsea production platforms (Kash et a l , 1973: 

 124-125). 



Technologies involving accident response are concerned 

 with four main problems: reestablishing control over wells 

 that have blown out, containing and cleaning up oil on water, 

 salvaging marine life and birds, and cleaning up beaches. 

 Kash et al . (1973) emphasize that the best way to deal with 

 these situations is to improve drilling and production equip- 

 ment and operating techniques in order to minimize spills and 

 accidents. However, recommendations by Kash et al . for better 

 response when spills and accidents do occur include installa- 

 tion of emergency sub-mudline shut-off systems which are not 

 likely to be affected by surface damage, development of fast- 

 response emergency equipment to support well control efforts, 

 development and stockpiling of effective and rapidly deployable 

 containment equipment, research into the behavior of oil in 

 water to enhance spill containment, and continued development 

 of containment and clean-up devices for moderately rough waters 

 (Kash et al . , 1973: 126-130). 



The second type of technology advancement needed concerns 

 operations in the deeper waters beyond the Continental Shelf, 



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