THE PHENOMENA OF ORGANIC NATURE. 135 



they are quite rudimentary, and bear neither toes nor 

 fingers ; so that the horse has only one " finger " in 

 his fore-foot and one " toe " in his hind-foot. But it 

 is a very curious thing that the animals closely allied 

 to the horse show more toes than he ; as the rhinoceros, 

 for instance : he has these extra toes well formed, and 

 anatomical facts show very clearly that he is very closely 

 related to the horse indeed. So we may say that ani- 

 mals, in an anatomical sense nearly related to the 

 horse, have those parts which are rudimentary in him, 

 fully developed. 



Again, the sheep and the cow have no cutting-teeth, 

 but only a hard pad in the upper jaw. That is the 

 common characteristic of ruminants in general. But 

 the calf has in its upper jaw some rudiments of teeth 

 which never are developed, and never play the part 

 of teeth at all. Well, if you go back in time, you find 

 some of the older, now extinct, allies of the ruminants 

 have well-developed teeth in their upper jaws ; and at 

 the present day the pig (which is in structure closely 

 connected with ruminants) has well-developed teeth in 

 its upper jaws ; so that here is another instance of 

 organs well developed and very useful, in one animal, 

 represented by rudimentary organs, for which we can 

 discover no purpose whatsoever, in another closely 

 allied animal. The whalebone whale, again, has horny 

 " whalebone ' plates in its mouth, and no teeth ; but 

 the young foetal whale, before it is born, has teeth in 

 its jaws ; they, however, are never used, and they never 

 come to anything. But other members of the group to 

 which the whale belongs have well-developed teeth in 

 both jaws. 



Upon any hypothesis of special creation, facts of this 



