II. HIGH-ENERGY AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 9/ 



High-energy and nuclear physics in the United States have long 

 histories of international cooperation. Experimental and theoretical 

 collaboration with Western Europe generally are carried out without 

 formal international agreements. Europeans have participated in ex- 

 perimental efforts on the major U.S. accelerators and Americans have 

 used unique European facilities. This productive collaboration is 

 expected to continue. Selected interactions with the Soviet Union, 

 the People's Republic of China, and Japan take place under the auspices 

 of formal international agreements and also are expected to continue 

 where they have proven to be mutually beneficial. The formal agree- 

 ment with the Japanese is part of an overall accord for cooperation 

 in energy matters. However, cooperation with the Japanese also has 

 been carried out for many years on an informal basis as it has with 

 the Western Europeans. 



Because high-energy and nuclear physics research is an inter- 

 national activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practition- 

 ers, researchers at U.S. high-energy and nuclear physics facilities 

 have extensive interactions with their foreign counterparts. The 

 high level of interaction is reflected in the diversity of foreign 

 scientists using the U.S. facilities as listed in tables 1 and 2 and 

 briefly described in appendices 2 and 3. 10/ 



The heavy emphasis on international cooperation at certain 

 facilities that is discussed in the appendices, however, does not 

 present a balanced picture of the use of U.S. high-energy and nuclear 

 physics facilities. Although international cooperation is an impor- 

 tant element of both programs, the dominant use of U.S. high-energy 

 and nuclear physics facilities is by U.S. scientists. Furthermore, 

 all the U.S. facilities listed in tables 1 and 2 and discussed in 

 appendices 2 and 3 are owned, operated, and managed by U.S. organiza- 

 tions and personnel, even though there is the extensive collaboration 

 with foreign researchers as discussed above. 



9/ The discussion in this chapter is based largely on informa- 

 tion supplied by the Department of Energy, Apr. 22, 1985. 



10 / Also see: Glashow, Sheldon L. and Leon M. Lederman. The 

 SSC: A Machine for the Nineties. Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. 

 p. 28-37; and Bayn, Gordon. Major Facilities for Nuclear Physics, 

 Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 40-48. 



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