use of the facilities by non-national researchers. Thus, in general, 

 international cooperation, unless otherwise noted in the following 

 discussion, refers only to cooperative use of the facilities by 

 foreign researchers. For further discussions of such scientific 

 collaboration in each area of big science, see the individual discus- 

 sions in chapters II through XII. 



High-Energy and Nuclear Physics 



These areas of big science in the United States have long his- 

 tories of international cooperation and such cooperation is expected 

 to continue. However, the dominant use of the high-energy and nuclear 

 physics facilities in the United States is by U.S. scientists and not 

 by foreign scientists. Moreover, all the U.S. big science facilities 

 in high-energy and nuclear physics are owned, operationally funded, 

 •and managed by U.S. organizations and personnel. Recent discussions 

 in the international scientific community and in the Federal legisla- 

 tive and executive branches about who should build and own the pro- 

 posed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) suggest that the Europeans 

 may be looking to the United States to build and own it alone also 

 because they, through the European Organization for Nuclear Research 

 (CERN), are seriously considering their own alternative to the SSC. 8/ 



In Europe, there is greater international participation in the 

 ownership of high-energy physics facilities than in the United States. 

 The big science facilities of CERN, located in Switzerland, are owned, 

 operationally funded, managed, and staffed multinationally . Moreover, 

 the HERA storage rings of DESY in the Federal Republic of Germany, 

 although currently not operating, are owned jointly by the Federal 

 Republic of Germany, Canada, France, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, 

 and the United Kingdom. 



The information collected in this report on foreign big science 

 facilities in nuclear physics is not complete and does not indicate 

 construction costs or the nationalities of ownership, operational 

 funding, and management of those facilities. 



Fusion 



In the area of magnetic-confinement fusion, international colla- 

 boration has been an important part of the program since its incep- 

 tion. Most of this collaboration, however, has involved only the 

 exchange of information. As in the case of high-energy and nuclear 

 physics, most U.S. facilities are owned, operationally funded, and 

 managed by U.S. organizations and personnel. The two exceptions 

 are (1) the Doublet III-D facility, owned and operated by GA Tech- 

 nologies, Inc., in California, which is operationally funded jointly 

 with the Japanese, who also have provided about $55 million in hard- 

 ware; and (2) the International Fusion Superconducting Magnetic Test 



8 / Waldrop, M. Mitchell. The Supercollider, One Year Later. 

 Science", v. 225, Aug. 3, 1984. p. 490-491. 



