Facility (IFSMTF) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In the 

 latter case, the United States owns and operates the basic facility, 

 but three coils are foreign-owned and an International Executive 

 Committee is involved in the management of the Large Coil Test at 

 the facility. 



In Europe, the Joint European Torus is owned, operated, managed, 

 and staffed with researchers from the European Community. 



The rather extensive international collaboration of researchers 

 in the various magnetic-confinement fusion facilities is discussed in 

 more detail in chapter III. 



The inertial-conf inement fusion facilities of the U.S. Govern- 

 ment are restricted to U.S. researchers because of considerations of 

 national defense. There may be significant opportunities for inter- 

 national cooperation, however, at the National Laser Users Facility 

 ("OMEGA") of the University of Rochester, the GEKKO XII glass laser 

 system at Osaka University in- Japan, and the Central Laser Facility 

 ("VULCAN") of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United King- 

 dom. 



Materials Science and Engineering 



The majority of research in this area of big science is small- 

 scale research carried out by individual scientists located at a 

 large number of universities and national and industrial laborato- 

 ries, both in the United States and in foreign nations. Inter- 

 national cooperation generally takes the form of informal information 

 exchanges and research collaboration on an individual basis. 



In Europe, materials science and engineering are conducted at a 

 number of facilities, but only the High Flux Reactor at the Institut 

 Laue-Langevin in France is jointly owned and operationally funded by 

 several countries, in this case by France, the Federal Republic of 

 Germany, and the United Kingdom. The planned European Synchrotron 

 Radiation Facility in France will be a joint effort of France and 

 the Federal Republic of Germany and probably other European nations. 



Astronomy 



Much radio astronomy involves very long baseline interferometry 

 (VLBI) facilities used cooperatively by several nations. Moreover, 

 two U.S. radio astronomical facilities, the Very Large Array (VLA) 

 and the Arecibo 1,000-foot radio/radar telescope, are unique in the 

 world and are used by foreign researchers who otherwise would not 

 have access to such facilities. Of the radio astronomical big sci- 

 ence facilities identified here, however, only the IRAM Interfero- 

 meter in France is internationally owned and operated, in that case 

 by France and the Federal Republic of Germany. It is managed by an 

 International staff. 



Optical telescopes tend to be owned and used exclusively by 

 Individual countries. The Anglo-Australian Telescope, located in 



