There are a number of bilateral and multilateral agreements 

 between the United States and foreign nations in the area of science 

 and technology that provide the means for the international coopera- 

 tion in big science discussed in the following chapters. Perhaps 

 the most recent inventory of bilateral technical agreements, listed 

 by lead agency, partner country, and as government-to-government 

 agreements was included in the 1980 Title V Report, Science, Techno- 

 logy, and American Diplomacy 1980 . 6/ 



The following chapters list the facilities identified and brief- 

 ly discuss international cooperation in each area of big science 

 discussed in the report. 



B. SUMMARY OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 



Chapters II through XII and appendices 2 through 11 describe the 

 big science facilities inventoried in this report and discuss the 

 international cooperation involved in each area of big science and 

 for each facility for which the information was obtained. Coopera- 

 tion in big science varies both by broad area of science — there is 

 more international cooperation, for example, in high-energy physics 

 than in optical astronomy — and by individual facility within a spe- 

 cific area of big science. The following paragraphs of this section 

 briefly summarize the major trends in international cooperation ac- 

 cording to the specific areas of big science mentioned above. These 

 general impressions, of course, may not apply to a specific facility 

 at any given time. Reference, thus should be made to the individual 

 sumnaries of each facility set forth in the appendices. 7/ 



For each of the facilities included in the inventory and briefly 

 described in the appendices, an attempt was made to determine the 

 nationality or nationalities of the ownership, the operational fund- 

 ing, and the management staff of, and the researchers using, the 

 facility. A review of this information indicated that the facili- 

 ties, with the few exceptions noted below, are not jointly-owned, 

 jointly-funded, or jointly-managed, even where there is significant 



6 / U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs and 

 Committee on Science and Technology. Science, Technology and Ameri- 

 can Diplomacy, 1980. Joint Committee Print, 96th Cong., 2d sess. 

 Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1980. p. 159-190. 



7/ In addition to the references in the preceding footnotes, 

 also see the following for discussions of political and bureaucratic 

 factors which affect international cooperation in big science: Nau, 

 Henry R. National Politics and International Technology: Nuclear 

 Reactor Development in Western Europe. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins 

 University Press, 1974. 287 p.; and Teich, Albert H. Politics and 

 International Laboratories: A Study of Scientists' Attitudes In 

 Albert H. Teich (ed.). Scientists and Public Affairs. Cambridge, 

 The MIT Press, 1974. p. 173-235. 



