8 



Australia, and the 140-Inch telescope of the European Southern Obser- 

 vatory, located in Chile, are exceptions, being jointly ovmed, oper- 

 ationally funded, and managed by Australia and the United Kingdom in 

 the first case and by the International European Consortium in the 

 second case. 



A number of astronomical big science facilities are located in 

 space and are discussed in that chapter. These include such facili- 

 ties as ORBITING GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORIES (OGO), ORBITING SOLAR 

 OBSERVATORIES (OSO), ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES (OAO), HIGH- 

 ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORIES (HEAO), the HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELE- 

 SCOPE (LST), the GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY (GRO), and the INTERNATIONAL 

 ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE). The last one is about the only example 

 of a satellite used for physics and astronomy that is owned, opera- 

 tionally funded, and managed jointly by the United States and another 

 entity, in this case with the European Space Agency (ESA). The 

 HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE will be managed by the United States, 

 ESA, and the Federal Republic of Germany and some of the ASTROPHYSICS 

 EXPLORER satellites involve international cooperation in various 

 forms (see appendix 6 for details). 



Atmospheric and Oceanographic Science 



The major U.S. facilities identified in this area of big science 

 are the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the Deep 

 Submergence Research Vehicle "ALVIN," and about 110 oceanographic 

 research vessels, particularly those of the Federal Oceanographic 

 Fleet. No foreign facility similar to NCAR was identified, although 

 there are several hundred, particularly Soviet, research vessels. 

 Apparently, most nations which conduct oceanographic research own 

 and operate their own research vessels. 



Space 



The facilities specifically identified in this report as space 

 big science facilities are satellites for conducting physics and 

 astronomical research, lunar and planetary exploration, and Earth 

 science. See the discussion in chapter VII concerning the land-based 

 "infrastructure" which supports these big science facilities, but 

 which are not themselves big science facilities. 



Most U.S. satellites are owned, operationally funded, and man- 

 aged by the United States. The few exceptions include a few of the 

 ASTROPHYSICS and SOLAR TERRESTRIAL EXPLORERS (see appendix 8 for 

 details); the HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE which will be jointly man- 

 aged by the United States, ESA, and the Federal Republic of Germany; 

 the GALILEO Jupiter orbiter/probe, which is jointly owned by the 

 United States and the Federal Republic of Germany; and the INTERNA- 

 TIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE), which is jointly owned, opera- 

 tionally funded, managed, and staffed by the United States and the 

 European Space Agency. 



In Europe, there are several example of satellites which are 

 jointly owned, operationally funded, managed, and staffed by the 



