European Space Agency: GEOS-1 and GEOS-2; EXOSAT; GIOTTO; INTERNA- 

 TIONAL SOLAR-POLAR MISSION (ISPM); and HIPPARCOS. In addition, the 

 COS-B astronomical observatory involves ESA, France, Italy, and the 

 Federal Republic of Germany. 



Some of the Soviet science satellites involve international 

 cooperation in some forms. INTERKOSMOS, for example, involves some 

 Eastern Bloc nations; VEGA involves a number of other nations, In- 

 cluding the United States; and ASTRON Involves France. 



It is likely that U.S. international cooperation in space big 

 science programs will continue to grow in the coming years. 



Aeronautics 



All of the aeronautical big science facilities Identified for 

 this report are U.S. owned, operationally funded, and managed, with 

 the exception of a Japanese wind tunnel. No other foreign facilities 

 meeting the $25 million criterion have been identified. These facil- 

 ities include principally wind tunnels, other flight simulators, and 

 facilities for structural research and development and flight testing. 

 There apparently is relatively little international cooperation in 

 the use of these facilities, probably mainly because they are used 

 to varying degrees for proprietary and military purposes. 



Supercomputers 



The supercomputers identified in this report are used primarily 

 for scientific research and all are owned, operated, and managed by 

 U.S. laboratories. Four National Science Foundation supported Ad- 

 vanced Scientific Computing Centers are planned at four U.S. univer- 

 sitites and a Department of Energy supported Supercomputer Computa- 

 tional Research Institute has been created at another. The levels 

 of international cooperation at the existing facilities currently 

 seems to be minimal. No foreign supercomputer facilities primarily 

 for scientific research meeting the $25 million criterion have been 

 identified. 



Engineering Science 



Eighteen "big engineering science" facilities, both U.S. and 

 foreign, have been identified for this report, although they do not 

 fall within the classical definition of big science; see the discus- 

 sion in chapter X. The facilities include those involved in ship 

 hydrodynamics engineering, earthquake engineering, nuclear power re- 

 actor engineering, radio isotope production, and weapons engineering. 

 There is no international ownership, operational funding (with the 

 following three exceptions), or management of the identified facili- 

 ties, and there appears to be no adequate generalization about inter- 

 national cooperation in the use of these facilities. See appendix 

 11 for details. The three noted exceptions are small amounts of 

 Japanese operational funding involved in the Fast Flux Test Facility 



