a coastal area with exposed rocky shore with a 

 slightly or noncalcarcous substrate. 



Functional classifications separate systems on 

 the basis of functional processes such as energy 

 inputs, stratification and circulation patterns, or 

 geological processes forming the coastline. Ex- 

 amples of functional classifications are those by 

 Shepard (1937), Hansen and Rattray (1966), 

 Glenne (1967), Inman and Nordstrom (1971), 

 and Odum et al. (1974). Shepard 's (1937) classifi- 

 cation and that of Inman and Nordstrom (1971) 

 are geological ones addressing the processes 

 which form the shoreline. An example of a unit 

 in Shepard's classification would be a glacially 

 deposited coast with partially drowned drum- 

 lins. Inman and Nordstrom use first order effects 

 of plate tectonics and coastal morphology as 

 criteria for separating units in their classification. 

 An example unit in their classification would be 

 an island arc collision coast with mountains. 



Hansen and Rattray's (1966) classification 

 addresses mixing and stratification in estuaries. 

 A unit in this classification would be a mathe- 

 matical description of the salinity and circula- 

 tion within the estuary. Glenne (1967) also 

 addresses mixing and stratification in estuaries 

 from a mathematical perspective. An example of 

 a unit in his classification would be a mathe- 

 matical description of the tidal effects, frictional 

 effects, choking effects, stratification effects, and 

 other effects in the estuary itself. Odum et al. 

 (1974) address in their classification the stresses 

 and energy sources of systems; e.g., turbid out- 

 wash fjords in natural Arctic ecosystems with ice 

 stress. 



A regional classification system is one based 

 primarily on geography. Areas which are con- 

 tiguous may be in the same region, but those 

 some distance apart, though they may be quite 

 similar structurally or functionally, cannot be 

 classified together regionally. Secondary attri- 

 butes used in the classification may be biotic or 

 physical, and thus a biogcographic (or zoogeo- 

 graphic or phytogeographic) regionalization or a 

 physical regionalization would be produced. 



Examples of zoogcographic regionalizations 

 an- Ekman (1953), Briggs (1974), Ray (1975), 

 and Smith (1976). Ekman (1953), Briggs (1974), 

 and Ray (1975) all use the distribution of both 

 vertebrates and invertebrates to fashion their 

 zoogcographic regionalizations. Ray's is adapted 

 directly from Ekman, and an example unit in 

 both regionalizations would be Indo-West-Pacific. 



An example unit in Brigg's classification would be 

 Northern Hemisphere Warm-Temperate Regions. 

 Smith (1976) uses fish distribution in his regionali- 

 zation of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, and an ex- 

 ample unit in his classification would be North- 

 eastern Gulf of Mexico. 



Examples of phytogeographic regionalizations 

 are Earle (1969) and Humm (1969). Earle (1969) 

 uses distribution of the Phaeophyta to separate 

 regions in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. An ex- 

 ample of a unit in her regionalization would be 

 Subregion E, Cape Romano to Florida Bay. 

 Humm (1969) uses distribution of algae to re- 

 gionalize the Atlantic coast. An example of a 

 unit in his classification would be a distributional 

 group of species extending from Arctic waters 

 south to Cape Cod. 



Examples of regionalizations which include 

 some physical factors, but which are chiefly 

 biotic regionalizations, are Ketchum (1972), 

 Cronin (1974), Ray (1975), and the coastal re- 

 gionalization of wetlands in Cowardin et al. 

 (1977). Ketchum (1972), Cronin (1974), and 

 Ray (1975) use the distribution of biota, 

 circulation, and geology to separate units in their 

 classifications. Both Ray's and Cronin's classifi- 

 cations are adopted from Ketchum's, and the 

 units are identical. An example unit would be 

 West Indian. The Cowardin et al. (1977) classi- 

 fication which relates to marine and estuarine 

 systems is based mainly on distribution of biota, 

 but also on coastal geology and tides. The names 

 of the units arc the same as those used by 

 Ketchum (1972), Cronin (1974), and Ray (1975). 

 West Indian would also be an example of a unit 

 in the Cowardin et al. (1977) regionalization. 



Examples of regionalizations which include 

 some biotic factors, but which are chiefly re- 

 gionalizations based on physical parameters, are 

 Wastlcr and de Guerrero (1968), U.S. Fish and 

 Wildlife Service (1970), U.S. Senate (1970), and 

 Lynch et al. (1976). Wastlcr and de Guerrero 

 (1968) use water pollution and resource manage- 

 ment aspects to separate units in their classifica- 

 tion; e.g., the South Central Coastal Region. 

 The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1970) classi- 

 fication is one using both biotic and physical 

 factors though the criteria used to separate units 

 are not expressed. The criteria appear to be 

 coastal geology, tidal information, water chemis- 

 try, climate, water input, sediment input, and the 

 biota present. An example unit would be the 

 North Atlantic Estuarine Zone. The U.S. Senate 



289-605 0-19-2 



