Marshall. — The Qlnciation of ISew Zeahnxl . 1347 



(2.) The thickness of tlie ice in the ancient Wakatipu Glacier appears 

 less impressive when it is realised that the ice in the Tasman 

 Glacier js at the present day 2,000 ft. thick, and that its floor 

 is only 1,600 ft. above sea-level. 



(3.) If the ice was 7,940 ft. thick at the Hector Mountains, and if 

 it had the same surface-slope as the Greenland ice-sheet, it 

 must have extended far over the tops of all the western 

 mountains. These, however, show no signs of having been 

 covered by moving ice. 



(4.) The reversed slope of the Wakatipu basin must have existed 

 during the glaciation. This implies a rapid thinning, which 

 must have been due to surface-melting. Adopting the sur- 

 face-slope of the eastern side of the Greenland ice-sheet, the 

 terminal face cannot have been east of Lumsden. 



(5.) The author's estimate of the level of the surface of the ice is 

 4,000 ft. at Mount Dick. The terminal face would then be 

 at Athol. 



(6.) No ice erosion has been described in the Hokonui Hills, nor any 

 moraines or erratics in the Waimea Valley. 



C. The suggested extension of the Antarctic ice-sheet : — ■ 



(1.) At the present time the ice extends nowhere into deep water. 

 (2.) There was no ice-sheet in Siberia when there was an ice-sheet 



in central Europe. 

 (3.) There was no ice-sheet in Alaska when the Mississippi Valley 



was glaciated. 

 (4.) The glaciated portion of North America was not covered by ice 



simultaneously in all its parts. 



These facts show the worthlessness of general statements 



in regard to glaciation of southern lands. 

 (5.) There is an absence of all effects of the erosion of an ice-sheet 



at the Auckland and Campbell Islands. 

 (6.) No erratic blocks from South Victoria Land have yet been 



found in New Zealand. 



D. The suggested glaciation of the North Island is disproved by the 

 following : — 



(1.) The mapping of the river-courses shows no indication of the 



existence of a glacial topography. 

 (2.) No striated rock-surfaces. 

 (3.) No glacial moraines. 

 (4.) No erratic blocks with striations. 

 (5.) No roches moutonnees. 

 (6.) The boulder-clays referred to are deposits laid down by rivers 



that flowed from active volcanoes during periods of activity. 

 (7.) The deposits at different heights are due to rivers ; for, as the 



land was gradually raised, the base-level of erosion would lie 



deeper and deeper in the rocks, and portions of the different 



base-levels would be left at different heights. 

 (8.) No valleys with the characteristic forms of those due to glacial 



erosion have yet been described on Kuapehu. 

 (9.) No glacial valleys have been described in other parts of the 



North Island. 



