Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 215 



Colombia (including the Magdalena Valley), and thence south (east of the 

 Andes) to central Bolivia. , 



Remarks. — This form was described from Guarayos, eastern Bolivia, the 

 type being still extant in the Paris Museum. It was long confused with 

 the M. nigriceps of Sclater from western Ecuador, even after von Berlepsch 

 in 1883 had suggested and Mr. Hellmayr in 1906 definitely determined the 

 true application of the name from an examination of the type. This 

 author was able to also compare at the same time the types of von Pel- 

 zeln's M. tricolor and M. gracilirostris, and came to the conclusion that all 

 three belonged to the same form. In the case of the latter he is probably 

 correct, on geographical grounds at least, but M. tricolor seems to be 

 recognizably distinct, although conspecific, as already shown. We can 

 find no difference between a series from Bolivia on the one hand and one 

 from Venezuela on the other, and these in their turn are the same as a series 

 from Colombia. A specimen from Trinidad belongs here also, but British 

 and Dutch Guiana birds are intermediate between this form and tricolor, 

 and might be referred as easily to the one form as to the other. In its 

 vertical range it goes up to the upper limit of the Tropical Zone and some- 

 times a little beyond. It appears to be confined to the region just east of 

 the Andes, except in Venezuela and Colombia, where it has succeeded in 

 passing around their northern extremity and invading the low country 

 beyond, grading into nigriceps in western Colombia. Dr. Chapman refers 

 his specimens from below Andalucia, in the Eastern Andes of Colombia, to 

 nigriceps, but we think that they, as well as the series from the Magdalena 

 Valley in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, go better with tuberculifer. 

 All these, being in fresh plumage, are a little darker than usual, but no more 

 so than Bolivian skins. 



In coloration tuberculifer is intermediate between tricolor on the one hand 

 and nigriceps on the other, as might be expected from its geographical 

 position. The cap is brownish or dusky black, not deep black as in nigri- 

 ceps, but darker than in tricolor, and more strongly contrasted with the 

 rest of the upper surface. The two small tubercles on the edge of the 

 wing, from which the name tuberculifer is derived, are not peculiar alone 

 to this species, however. 



Specimens examined. — Trinidad: Princestown, 1. British Guiana 

 Carimang River, 1; Roraima (3500 ft.), 1. Dutch Guiana: Lelydorp, 1 

 vicinity of Paramaribo, 1 . Venezuela : La Cumbre de Valencia, 3 ; Aroa, 1 

 Lagunita de Aroa, 2; Guarico, 1; Anzoategui, 4; El Trompillo, 1; Sierra de 

 Carabobo, 9 ; Merida, 6 ; " Orinoco " ( ? ) , 1 ; Caicara, 3 ; Quiribana de Caicara, 

 1; San Antonio, Bermudez, 2; El Guacharo, 1; Escorial, 1; Cristobal Colon, 

 Paria Peninsula, 1; Las Trincheras, 2. Colombia: Jordan, 1; Cacagualito, 

 1; Minca, 4; Bonda, 1; Cincinnati, 16; La Tigrera, 4; Las Vegas, 1; Don 

 Diego, 13; Pueblo Viejo, 2; Fundacion, 2; Jaraquiel, 1; El Cauca, 5; La 

 Palmita, 1 ; Ocana, 3 ; El Tambor, 1 ; Rio Negro, 3 ; Palmar, 1 ; La Colorada, 

 1; "Santa Marta Mts.," 2; San Miguel, 1; Palomina, 2; San Francisco, 1; 

 La Concepcion, 6; Andalucia, 3; Buena Vista, 2. Bolivia: Rio Yapacani, 

 2; Buena vista, 1; Rio Surutu, 6; Cerro del Chimbero, 1; Mission San 

 Antonio, Rio Chimore, Prov. Cochabamba, 1; Roquefalda, Prov. Cocha- 

 bamba, 1 ; Mouth of Rio San Antonio, Rio Espirito Santo, 1 . Total, 137. 



