DINOCERATA. 583 



These measurements ax'e made from the plantar and palmar surfaces, 

 allowance being made for the pads. 



The obliquity of the anteroposterior axis of the anterior dorsal vertebra 

 indicates that the head was posteriorly elevated above the axis of the dorsal 

 vertebrae. Owing to the lack of cervical vertebrae, the length of the neck 

 cannot be determined. It may have been short, as in the JEohasileus furca- 

 tus, or longer as in the species of Uintatherium. In the former case it is 

 entirely clear that the muzzle of this animal could not have reached the 

 ground by several feet, and that, as occurs in the similar cases of the tapirs 

 and elephants, there was a proboscis to supply that necessity. The indi- 

 cations derived from the bones of the muzzle point to the attachment of a 

 proboscis or a heavj^ upper lip, and the ridges of the symphysis of the 

 lower jaw, pointed out by the Princeton paleontologists, suggest a strong 

 prehensile lower lip. The fact that the foramen infraorhitale of the Loxolop- 

 hodon is less than in the elephants, in no wise militates against the posses- 

 sion of a proboscis, for it is still smaller in the tapir, which has one, and 

 larger in many rodents which are withoiit it. The numerous rugosities of 

 the posttympanic and mastoid regions indicate the insertions of strong mus- 

 cles. Some of these may have adductors of large external ears. 



The inferior incisor teeth have no adaptation for cutting oflP vegetation. 

 The mental foramen is small, but the small nutrient artery thus indicated 

 is not adverse to belief in a prehensile under lip to make up for the use- 

 lessness of the teetli. The projecting nasal regions would prevent short 

 lips from touching the ground. The posterior position of the molar teeth 

 indicates use for a long, slender tongue. 



This species was probably quite as large as the Indian elephant, for 

 the individual described is not adult, as indicated by the freedom of the 

 epiphyses of the lumbar vertebrae, and fragments of others in my posses- 

 sion indicate considerably larger size. 



Habits. — The very weak dentition indicates soft food, no doubt of a 

 vegetable character, of what particular kind it is not easy to divine. The 

 long canines were no doubt for defense chiefly, and may have been useful 

 in pulling and cutting vines and branches of the forest. The horns fur- 

 nished formidable weapons of defense. That the anterior nasal pair were 



