H-30 



RESEARCH PROGRAMMES 



(e) The development of programmes for estimating metabolic rates and energy flow. Just 

 as biomass is a better measure than numbers for estabUshing the significance of a 

 species in the ecosystem, so energetic terms are preferable to biomass, particularly in 

 studies of interactions and competition for a possibly limiting food resource. 

 (Objectives 1,3,4 and 5) 



8. Analysis of the various parameters (stock sizes, growth, mortality, reproductive rates, 

 feeding patterns) should be continued in an attempt to discover how they vary with changes in 

 the abundance of seals, whales, birds and other groups. This will not, however, lead to early 

 results. (Objectives 5, 6) 



9. Finally, better and more dynamic ecological and trophodynamic models and population 

 models are needed to help in the formulation of conservation and management strategies. 

 (Objectives 4, 5 and 6) 



SELECTED REFERENCES 



Barratt, a. and MoUGIN, J. L. 1974. Donnees numeriques sur la zoogeographie de I'avifaune 



antarctique et subantarctique. CNFRA (Paris), No 33, p 1 -18. 

 Bertram, G. C. L. 1940. The biology of the Weddell and Crabeater sels, with a study of the comparative 



behaviour of the Pinnipedia. British Graham iMnd Expedition, 1934-37, Scientific Reports, Voll, 



No 1, 139 p. (London, British Museum.) 

 Bonner, W. N. 1968. The Fur Seal of South Georgia. British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports, No 56, 



81 p. 

 Bonner, W. N. and Laws, R. W. 1964. Seals and seaUng./n: PRIESTLEY, R., ADIE, R. J., a«(/ ROBIN, 



G. de Q. eds. Antarctic research. London, Butterworth, p 163-90. 

 British Antarctic Survey. 1977. British Antarctic Survey, internal Report. (Unpublished.) 

 Brownell, R. L. 1974. Small odontocetes of the Antarctic. Antarctic Map Folio Series, Folio 18, 



p 13-19. 

 CaRRICK, R and IngHAM, S. E. 1967. Antarctic sea-biids as subjects for ecological research. In: 



NAGATA, T. ed. Proceedings of the Symposium on Pacific-Antarctic Sciences . . . Tokyo . . . 1966. 



Tokyo, National Science Museum, Department of Polar Research, p 151-84. 

 Dearborn, J. H. 1965. Food of Weddell Seals at McMurdo Sound, Antmcticdi. Journal of Mammalogy, 



Vol 46, No l.p 37-43. 

 Erickson, a. W. and others. 1971. Distributional ecology of Antarctic seals. By A. W. Erickson, D. B. 



Siniff, D. R. Cline, and R.J. Hofman. In: DEACON, G. ed. Symposium on Antarctic Ice and Water 



Masses. Cambridge, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. 

 Erickson, A. W. and Hofman, R. J. 1974. Antarctic seals. Antarctic Map Folio Series, Folio 18, 



p4-13. 

 Gambell, R. 1976. World whale stocks. Mammal Review, Vol 6, No 1, p 41-53. 

 Hofman, R. J. 1975. Distribution patterns and population structure of Antarctic seals. University of 



Minnesota, PhD thesis. 

 Hofman, R. J. and others. 1973. The Ross Seal (Ommatophoca rossi). International Union for the 



Conservation of Nature. Research Publications (New Series), No 39, p 129-39. 

 International Whaling Commission. 1950-1974. Report of the International Whaling Com- 

 mission, Nos 1 -24. 

 Laws, R. M. 1958. Growth rates and ages of Crabeater Seals, Lobodon carcinophagus. Proceedings of the 



Zoological Society of London, Vol 1 30, Part 2, p 275-88. 

 Laws, R. M. i960. The Southern Elephant Seal {Mirounga leonina (Linn.)) at South Georgia. Norsk 



Hvalfangst-Tidende, Arg 49, Nr 10, p 466-76, Nr 11, p 520-42. 

 Laws, R. M. 1964. Comparative biology of Antarctic seals. In: CARRICK, R., HOLDGATE, M. \J.,and 



PREVOST, J. eds. Biologie Antarctique. Paris, Hermann, p 445-54. 

 Laws, R. M. 1977. Seals and whales of the Southern Ocean. In: FUCHS, V. E. and LAWS, R. M. eds. 



Scientific research in Antarctica. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London), B, Vol 279, 



No 968, p 81-96. 

 Laws, R. M., in press. The significance of vertebrates in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. In: LLANO, G. A. 



ed. Adaptations within Antarctic ecosystems: Proceedings of the 3rd SCAR Symposium on Antarctic 



Biology. Houston, Gulf Pubhshing Company. 



