authority extends beyond the FCZ for anadromous species 

 spawning in U.S. waters, for continental shelf resources, 

 and for fishing activities of U.S. citizens. 



Conservation and management measures are defined in 

 the Act to include measures designed to avoid irreversible or 

 long term effects on the marine environment and measures used 

 or useful in rebuilding, restoring or maintaining any fishery 

 resource and the marine environment. The definition of fish- 

 ery resource includes the habitat of any fish stock as well 

 as the stock itself. The conservation program should respond 

 to the needs and interests of affected citizens, promote ef- 

 ficiency and draw on federal, state and academic capabilities 

 in carrying out research. . 



The FCMA provides for the development, implementation, 

 administration and enforcement of fishery management plans 

 and regulations in accordance with national standards for 

 fishery conservation and management. These national standards 

 are : 



1. Conservation and management measures shall prevent 

 overfishing, while achieving optimum yield from each 

 fishery on a continuing basis ; 



2. Conservation and management measures shall be based 

 on the best available scientific information; 



3. Individual stocks of fish shall be managed as a 

 unit throughout their range, as far as possible, 

 and interrelated stocks shall be managed as a unit 

 or in close coordination; 



4. Conservation and management measures shall not dis- 

 criminate between residents of different states; 



5. Measures shall promote efficiency in using fishery 

 resources ; 



6. Measures shall allow for variations among and con- 

 tingencies in fisheries , fishery resources and 

 catches ; and 



7. Measures, where practical, shall minimize costs and 

 avoid unnecessary duplication. 



These national standards are designed to ensure that a 

 conservation and management program takes into account the 

 best available scientific information, resource variability, 

 industry efficiency, consumer needs, and the best interests 



