314 THE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATED ANIMALS. 



as the first sacral. The transverse processes of the penulti- 

 mate and la^t lumbar vertebrae are tolerably long-, but they are 

 inclmed forward as well as outward, and do not articulate 

 with one another, or ^^dth the first sacral. 



In the skull the supraoccipital is inclined upward and for- 

 ward into a great transverse crest, to which the parietals con- 

 tribute but little. The parietals are early anchjdosed. The 

 temporal ridges remain widely separated in the middle of the 

 roof of the skull. 



The frontal bone has a post-orbital process, and so has the 

 jugal, but the two do not meet so as to bound the orbit. The 

 lachrymal is very large, and its two canals open on the face. 

 The nasals are very long, and the premaxillo3 unite with them 

 for a great distance. There is a pr^enasal bone, or ossification 

 of the cartilaginous septum of the nose. The bony palate ex- 

 tends back beyond the level of the last molar. The base oi 

 the external pterygoid process is not perforated. The surface 

 for the articulation of the lower jaw is transversely elongated, 

 convex from before backward, and bounded behind and inter- 

 nally by a post-glenoidal ridge. 



The tympanic bulla is very large, and the exceedingly long 

 bony meatus curves upward and outward, betw^een the squamo- 

 sal and the mastoid, with both of which it is anchylosed, to 

 the root of the zygoma, where its aperture looks almost directly 

 upward. The post-tympanic is closely appressed to the post- 

 glenoidal process, so as, with the latter, to encircle the meatus. 

 The proper mastoid is distinct, though short, but there is a 

 very long paramastoid developed from the exoccipital and ex- 

 tending behind and below the mastoid. 



The rami of the mandible are completely anchylosed at the 

 symphysis. There is a long perpendicular portion of the 

 ramus. The condyle is transversely elongated and convex, 

 antero-posteriorly ; the coronoid process ascends hardly higher 

 than it. In a longitudinal section, the cavity of the cerebral 

 hemispheres is more rounded than in the Horse, and lies 

 above, as well as in front of, that for the cerebellum. 



The scapula is long and narrow. It is devoid of acromion, 

 and has but a small coracoid process. 



The radius and ulna are complete, but are anchylosed to- 

 gether in the prone position. The distal end of the ulna 

 articulates with the cuneiform bone. 



The carpus contains eight bones, but the radial bone in 

 the distal series may be either the trapezium, or a rudiment 

 of the pollex. The lunare and the axis of the third metacarpal 



