432 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. VI, No. 3, 



Again, when in physiography he studies the hfe history of a 

 plateau and traces the feature from its geotectonic uplift through 

 the steps of its dissection and aging, watching its valleys first 

 deepen, then widen, and its level topped divides melt away to 

 crests with long slopes, while the valley floors widen to occupy 

 half or two-thirds of the region, he may incidentally note that 

 the population and highways occupy the tops of the hills — the 

 plateau surface — in youth, that the culture descends the slopes 

 as the valleys mature, and that in maturity transportation 

 routes, cities, and most of the people are in the valleys while the 

 hill tops are left to pasture or forest. To sum up, a few facts in 

 either science are gathered in the pursuit of the other, but the 

 two subjects do not develop concurrently. 



To the second question, "which should receive the attention 

 first," the answer depends upon the age and maturity of the 

 pupil. If a child, geography first everytime. If a mature 

 student, he may well prepare for geography b}" a strong course 

 in physiography ; but the phenomena, reasoning, and philosophy 

 of the latter are far beyond the experience and power of the 

 child, to say nothing of the locus of his interest. 



The remaining question, "can one be studied without the 

 other," has been at least partly answered. In physiography, 

 one does not need to learn many facts of geograph}^ and he cer- 

 tainly ought not to follow up the relations to man and his 

 responses to the influence of the conditions, far enough to detract 

 from the systematic development of his subject. In geography, 

 he uses the facts of this related science as he does those of 

 history, sociology and anthropology, but he does not attempt 

 to grasp its philosophy. 



Turning to the second division of the subject, "their differ- 

 ences" it is apparent from what has preceded that they often 

 deal with the same features and phenomena. They seem in 

 many topics to use the same basal materials but in a different 

 way. For illustration — in physiography the valley is a topic. 

 It is described, its origin and the evolution of its parts are dis- 

 cussed. Its development is traced and a definite age is ascribed 

 to it. Its end is predicted. Its genetic relation to the sur- 

 rounding region is discussed. In geography, the same valley is 

 noted as a control of the movements of men and goods, as a 

 home for a state, clan or a certain group of men, or as the seat 

 of adapted industries. Its commercial or economic relations to 

 the surrounding region are noted. 



Another illustration is furnished by the river. In physiogra- 

 phy, its course through the valley and the regional topography 

 is considered ; the work accomplished in its normal development ; 

 its method of procedure in carving its valley, enlarging its 



