Yuma COS.), summer-fall; nat. to the Old World trop., now widespread in warm 

 regions of the world. 



2. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass. Fig. 167. 



Erect or diffuse annual; culms 2.5-10 mm. thick basally; sheaths smooth; ligule 

 obsolete; panicle erect or slightly nodding; "spikes" 1-10 cm. long, ascending, 

 lengthily overlapping, often with stiff bristlelike hairs; second glume and sterile 

 lemma mucronate or awned, the nerves hispid or spinose-hirsute, 2.5—4 mm. long. 

 Panicum crusgalli L. 



Nearly throughout our area in moist often disturbed loamy soil, in marshes, 

 seepage areas, and in mud and water of lakes, ditches and floodplains, summer- 

 fall; widespread in temp, and trop. areas of the world. 



Variable species; we have two fairly well-marked but intergrading varities: 



Var. crusgalli, with long, somewhat spreading, papillose cilia at the summits 

 of the internodes and bases of the branches in the inflorescence and short, very 

 thick, papillose cilia along the lateral nerves of the second glume and sterile 

 lemma, and somewhat spreading "spikes", and sterile lemmas with awns 0-10 

 mm. long; synonyms include E. crusgalli subsp. muricata (Michx.) Shinners, var. 

 muricata (Michx.) Shinners and var. microstachya (Wieg.) Shinners, and perhaps 

 var. mitis (Pursh) Peterm. 



Var. zelayensis (H.B.K.) Hitchc, with non-papillate ascending cilia in the 

 inflorescence or these absent, and short, thinner, not-so-markedly papillose cilia 

 along the nerves of the second glume and sterile lemma, usually strictly ascending 

 "spikes", and sterile lemma rarely short-awned; synonyms include E. crusgalli 

 subsp. zelayensis (H.B.K.) Shinners and var. macera (Wieg.) Shinners. 



Japanese millet is planted in places and occasionally escapes; it is usually called 

 E. crusgalli var. frumentacea (Link) W. Wight but is no doubt merely a cultivar 

 of var. crusgalli. 



One specimen from near Brownsville, Cameron Co. in the Texas Rio Grande 

 Valley, has staminiferous lower florets and therefore corresponds to E. paludigena 

 Wieg., which is otherwise identical to, and is to be referred to, E. crusgalli var. 

 crusgalli. 



3. Echinochloa cruspavonis (H.B.K.) Schult. 



Diffuse annual, the lower parts of the culms long-trailing in water and mud 

 and rooting at the nodes, the lower internodes 4-12 mm. thick; sheaths smooth; 

 ligule obsolete; panicles long, slender, conspicuously nodding; "spikes" ascending 

 or appressed, 1-4 cm. long, lengthily overlapping, often with stiff bristlelike hairs; 

 second glume and sterile lemma with bodies 3-4 mm. long and awns, the awn 

 of the lemma 4-29 mm. long, the nerves with spinulose cilia but these not con- 

 spicuously papillose. Panicum cruspavonis (H.B.K.) Nees, E. crusgalli var. crus- 

 pavonis (H.B.K.) Nees. 



Marshy margins of streams and lakes, infrequent in s.e. Tex. and n. parts of 

 Rio Grande Plains, rare in the Trans-Pecos, summer-fall; trop. areas of Afr. 

 and Am., n. to Ala., La. and Tex.; also rare in Va. 



4. Echinochloa Walter! (Pursh) Heller. 



Mostly erect annual; culms 4-17 mm. thick basally; sheaths papillose-pilose 

 or papillose-hispid at least part of the length or rarely wholly glabrous; ligule 

 obsolete; panicles elongate, nodding; "spikes" 2-10 cm. long, ascending or spread- 

 ing, lengthily overlapping, often with stiff bristlelike hairs; second glume and 

 sterile lemma with bodies 3-4 mm. long and awns, the awns of the lemma 10-43 

 mm. long, the nerves (especially the lateral) with conspicuously papillose-spinu- 

 lose cilia. Panicum Walteri Pursh. 



329 



