Fam. 119. Scrophulariaceae Juss. Fig wort Family 



Mainly herbs, occasionally shrubs or rarely trees; leaves various; flowers 

 perfect, in racemes or panicles, never terminal (in ours); sepals 4 or 5, free or 

 united; corolla bilabiate or more or less irregular, rarely almost regular, the 

 4 or 5 lobes imbricated in bud; stamens didynamous, sometimes only 2 (rarely 

 5), inserted on the corolla tube; style single, the stigma entire or bilobed; capsule 

 2-celled and usually many-seeded, with the placentae in the axis; seeds anatropous 

 or amphitropous. 



More than 3,000 species in about 220 genera of cosmopolitan distribution. 



1. Corolla with the upper lobes external and overlapping in the bud (2) 



1. Corolla with the lower lobes external and overlapping in the bud (13) 



2(1). Stigmas wholly united, punctiform or capitate; seeds not simply reticulate, 

 either smooth, tuberculate, ridged or winged; stamens 4, didyna- 

 mous (3) 



2. Stigmas distinct, usually flattened (except in Bacopa Monnieri); seeds reticu- 



late, wingless; capsule walls membranous; inflorescence simply 

 racemorse, the bracts foliaceous and the flowers axillary; stamens 

 4, didynamous or reduced to 2; leaves opposite or whorled (4) 



3(2). Capsule septicidal or 4-valved, its walls firm or woody; corolla not spurred 



at base; erect or ascending perennial herbs or shrubs 



11. Penstemon 



3. Capsule loculicidal; corolla spurred at base, strongly zygomorphic, yellow; 



repent annual herb 13. Kickxia 



4(2). Cells of anther parallel; corolla with throat anteriorly rounded or flattened, 

 obscurely or not ridged within; sepals distinct; pedicels often bibrac- 

 teolate (5) 



4. Cells of anther divergent; corolla with throat 2-ridged within anteriorly; sepals 



often united; pedicels never bracteolate (1 1) 



5(4). Anthers 1-celled by confluence; plants tufted or stoloniferous; stigma capi- 

 tate; leaves entire, long-petioled; flowers borne on scapelike axillary 



pedicels; corolla whitish, nearly regular, rotate-campanulate 



2. Limosella 



5. Anthers distinctly 2-celled; plants caulescent; stigma flattened; leaves entire 



or not (6) 



6(5). Corolla campanulate, nearly regular, the lobes equaling or only slightly 

 shorter than the tube, the posterior lobes united a little farther 

 than the others; sepals unequal; stems creeping or floating, usually 

 ascending at apex 1. Bacopa 



6. Corolla narrower than above, decidedly zygomorphic, the lobes distinctly 



shorter than the tube, the posterior lobes united for over half their 

 length or throughout (7) 



7(6). Leaf blades (at least some) pinnatisect, often bipinnatifid; pedicels not 

 bracteolate; seeds commonly pale-greenish-yellow, nearly colorless; 

 corolla pink or lavender (8) 



7. Leaf blades entire or merely toothed; pedicels bibracteolate or (rarely in 



Gratiola) with bractlet single or lacking; seeds yellow to brown or 

 blackish (9) 



8(7). Plant terrestrial in wet soils, the short bushy-branched stem erect; flowers 



numerous with slender pedicels 5 mm. long or more 



6. Leucospora 



8. Plant aquatic, the elongate sparsely branched stem floating; flowers few, 



sessile 7. Limnophila 



1456 



