lightly rolled downward; disk flowers 15 to 25, slender, 7-8 mm. long, abruptly 

 expanded at base of tube, slightly expanded to a narrow throat, teeth narrowly 

 triangular-lanceolate (about 1.5 mm. long) and curled downward; achenes brown- 

 ish, 2.5-3 mm. long, weakly 8- to 10-ribbed, sparsely strigillose; pappus bristles 

 5-6 mm. long, white. 



Rich soil along streams in Ariz. (Santa Cruz and Pima cos.), Feb.-Apr.; s. 

 Ariz, to Guat. 



46. Cacalia L. Indian Plantain 



Strongly perennial essentially glabrous herbs; stems stout, 5-20 dm. tall, mostly 

 simple and erect except at the extreme top; leaves alternate, the blades lanceolate 

 or elliptic to rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oblanceolate, the lower ones usually long- 

 petioled, the distal margin often undulate or remotely dentate; unlobed heads in 

 a close corymbose arrangement at the tip of the plant; involucre short-urceolate, 

 5-10 mm. long; phyllaries about 5, broad, yellow-green; receptacle slightly con- 

 vex, naked; ray flowers absent; disk flowers few, perfect, fertile, the corolla pale- 

 yellowish or nearly white with its limb equally 5-toothed; achene columnar, 

 smoothish; pappus persistent, of numerous very slender white bristles. 



About 50 species, mostly in eastern Asia. 



1. Phyllaries wing-keeled; basal and lower stem leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, 



usually broadly so; plant usually flowering April-June 



1. C. plantaginea. 



1. Phyllaries not wing-keeled; basal and lower stem leaves lanceolate; plant 

 flowering July-October 2. C lanceolata. 



1. Cacalia plantaginea (Raf.) Shinners. 



• Lower stem leaves ovate to rhombic, usually broadly so; each phyllary at least 

 by anthesis with a narrow median dorsal keel. C. tuberosa of auth. 



Frequent in open areas, in water of marshes and in low depressions or swales, 

 in s.e. Okla. (McCurtain Co.) and e., s.e. and n.-cen. Tex., Apr.-June and less 

 commonly again in late Sept.-Nov.; widespread in e. U.S. 



2. Cacalia lanceolata Nutt. Fig. 780. 



Lower stem leaves narrower than in C. plantaginea, usually lanceolate; phyllaries 

 not wing-keeled even after anthesis. 



Infrequent in wet mud about ponds and lakes, on edge of ditches and wettish 

 meadows, in e. and s.e. Tex., July-Oct.; coastal s.e. states. C. plantaginea and 

 C. lanceolata intergrade to some extent. 



47. Erechtites Raf. Fireweed. Burnweed 



A genus of about 1 5 species in America, Australia and New Zealand. 



1. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. var. intermedia Fern. 



Annual herb with stubby taproots and numerous adventitious roots, the lower 

 parts of the stem occasionally propped in the mud by adventitious roots at the 

 lower nodes, leafy, usually with one stem and few branches, to 1 m. tall; leaves 

 alternate, irregularly and often doubly serrate, the lower ones narrowed to a sub- 

 petiolar base and broadly oblanceolate, the higher ones semiamplexicaul and the 

 teeth tending to be incised very deeply almost forming shallow lobes; heads on 

 slender peduncles 2-18 cm. long; receptacle essentially flat, naked; involucre 

 cylindric or slightly urceolate at anthesis, becoming narrowly campanulate in 

 fruit; principal phyllaries equal, linear, about 13 or 14 in number, in a double 

 row, 9-13 mm. long; outer phyllaries few, setaceous, 1-3 mm. long, forming a 

 weak calyculum; flowers of 2 kinds; peripheral flowers pistillate, fertile, with a 



1693 



