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5.5 Effects of Competition 97 



5.5.1 Canopy Removals 97 



5.5.2 Density of Macrocystis Stands 99 



5.5.3 Spore Dispersal 100 



5.6 Effects of Grazing 101 



5.6.1 Invertebrate Grazers (other than sea urchins) 102 



5.6.2 Effects of Fish 102 



5.6.3 Sea Urchins 103 



5.7 Indirect Effects: Sea Otter Foraging 106 



CHAPTER 6 HUMAN USE, MANAGEMENT, AND POLLUTION 108 



6.1 Introduction: Management and Management Agencies 108 



6.2 Commercial Resource Harvesting 109 



6.2.1 Plants 109 



6.2.1.1 Macrocystis 109 



6.2.1.2 Other Plants 110 



6.2.2 Animals Ill 



6.2.2.1 Fishes Ill 



6.2.2.2 Abalone Ill 



6.2.2.3 Sea Urchins 112 



6.2.2.4 Lobsters 112 



6.2.3 Habitat Use 113 



6.3 Recreational Use 113 



6.3.1 Sport Fishing 113 



6.3.2 Other Recreational Activities 113 



6.3.3 Governmental ly Regulated Areas 113 



6.4 Scientific Use 114 



6.5 Pollution - Man-Caused Environmental Change Other Than 



Fishing 114 



6.5.1 Pollution From Commercial, Recreational, and 



Scientific Use I 14 



6.5.2 Coastal and Inland Construction 114 



6.5.3 Oil 114 



6.5.4 Power Plant Discharge and Intake 115 



6.5.5 Sewage Discharge 116 



6.6 Kelp Forest Restoration and the Creation of New Kelp Forests . 117 



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