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3.6 Biomass, Productivity, and Energy Flow 35 



3.6.1 Introduction 35 



3.6.2 Biomass (Standing Stocks) 35 



3.6.3 Primary Productivity 37 



3.6.4 Energy Flow - Food Webs 39 



CHAPTER 4 NATURAL HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF KELP FOREST ORGANISMS ... 43 



4.1 Introduction 43 



4.2 Plankton and Decomposers 43 



4.2.1 Phytoplankton 44 



4.2.2 Zooplankton 45 



4.3 Macroscopic Plants 45 



4.3.1 Introduction 45 



4.3.2 Species That Form Surface Canopies: Kelp Forests ... 46 



4.3.2.1 Macrocystis 46 



4.3.2.2 Other Species That Form Surface Canopies in 



California and Mexico 48 



4.3.2.3 Surface Canopy Species in Other Areas 49 



4.3.3 Understory Canopy Species: Kelp Beds 49 



4.3.3.1 Species in California and Mexico 49 



4.3.3.2 Species in Other Areas 50 



4.3.4 Bottom Canopy Species 52 



4.3.4.1 Fleshy and Filamentous Species 52 



4.3.4.2 Articulated Corallines 53 



4.3.5 Encrusting Species 54 



4.3.6 Epiphytes 55 



4.4 Invertebrates 55 



4.4.1 Introduction 55 



4.4.2 Filter, Suspension, and Detritus Feeders 56 



4.4.2.1 Sponges 56 



4.4.2.2 Cnidarians 56 



4.4.2.3 Bryozoans 57 



4.4.2.4 Brittle Stars, Sea Stars, Sea 



Cucumbers and Sea Urchins 58 



4.4.2.5 Molluscs 58 



4.4.2.6 Polychaete Worms 59 



4.4.2.7 Sipunculans 59 



4.4.2.8 Crustaceans 59 



4.4.2.9 Tunicates 60 



VI 



