Number Page 



19 Invertebrate filter, suspension, and detritus feeders common in 



kelp forests 56 



20 Common invertebrate grazers in kelp forests 60 



21 Some common invertebrate predators in kelp forests 68 



22 Some common kelp forest fishes 70 



23 Birds commonly associated with kelp forests 78 



24 Marine mammals associated with kelp forests 80 



25 The gauntlet of Macrocystis life history stages 90 



26 Kelp forest dynamics and temporal and spatial scales 91 



27 Temperature and irradiance recorded on the bottom in a Macro - 

 cystis forest over a 4-year period 92 



28 Field station used for Macrocystis pyrifera gametophyte outplants. 94 



29 Irradiance-temperature response surface for Macrocystis pyrifera 

 sporophyte recruitment 96 



30 Kelp harvesting ship 109 



31 Aerial photograph of oil spill in a giant kelp canopy 115 



XI 



