254 Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society. 



1. The substance eaten away. 



a. By a small yellow ant. (Xo remedy needed.) 

 6. By a brown caterpillar, striped with white, og. 



c. By a snout beetle. (No remedy known.) 



d. By a cylindrical, brown, thousand-legged worm, 3f. 



2. The berry shrunken and knotty, the seeds on the shriveled parts well de- 



veloped, with plump kernel, numerous greenish bugs occurring on the 

 fruit, 3b, 4c. 



D. Til the Crown and Main Root. 



1. The interior bored out. 



a. By a small reddish caterpillar, with sixteen legs, Ic. 



h. By a small, white, footless grub, with brown head, led, 2bc. 



2. The substance gnawed and perforated. 



II. By a hard, straight, slender, cylindrical larva (wire-worm). 



h. By white grubs four or five times as long as wide, with abdomen 



at least twice as long as head and thorax, and with tii> of body 



swollen, rounded, and smooth, lab, 3c. 

 c. By small white grubs not more than one fifth of an inch in length, 



about twice as long as wide, with abdomen but little longer than 



head and thorax, and with tip of body not swollen or smooth, 



4af, Icdc. 



E. To the Fibrous Roots. 



1. By a hard, cylindrical, straight larva. (See above, D, 2a.) 



2. By a large white grub. (See D, 2b.) 

 .3. By a small white grub. (See D, 2c.) 



CLASSIFICATION OF REMEDIAL MEASURES. 



Preventive and remedial measures against insect atbicks may be conven- 

 iently arranged under five general heads : 



1. ^Methods of culture, including the preparation of the soil. 



2. liarricrs to progress. 



3. Capture and direct destruction. 



4. Topical api)lications. 



5. Protection, or artitici:i] multiplication, of natural enemies. 



1. Tnder methods of culture we include all m(asur(>s like rotation of crops, 

 selection of time of planting, and the like, which are intended to take advan- 

 tage of the insect thrf)ugh some fact in its structure, habits, or life history. 



2. Barriers to i)rogress may be opposed to the spread of llit^ injurious 

 species from place to place, or directed to preventing the individual insect 

 frr»m gaining access to its food or i)lace of oviposition. 



3. The cajiture of insects may be accomjilished either directly, by hand, or 

 indirectly, by lures and traps; and their destruction when captured may, of 

 course, be ofrccted in a great variety of ways, diflfering according to circuin- 

 stanccs and convenience. i 



