180 TEANSACTIONS OF THE ALTON-SOUTBEKN 



either Paris green or Loudon purple; the former is too hard to keep 

 in suspension and the latter is not uniform in strength and is not 

 fine enough, and apt to clog the nozzles unless very great care is used 

 in preparing it. The white arsenic can be dissolved perfectly by 

 using a little soda or lye, and can be bought for about ten cents per 

 pound, and, being pure, a less quantity will have to be used; hence 

 is cheaper than either Paris green or London purple. 



We are having plenty of rain now and everything is growing 

 finely, orchards included; but it may, and probably will, turn dry 

 later in the season and he who expects good fruit must cultivate his 

 orchards. Hay, wheat, oats and weeds cannot be grown on the 

 •same ground with a good crop of corn, nor apples, or other fruits. 

 If it pays to raise fruit at all it pays to grow it well. Many of our 

 troubles that we attribute to the cold winters are, no doubt, due 

 more to the drouths of summer, and improper cultivation, than win- 

 ter's cold. Canada, Nova Scotia and Northern Europe have much 

 colder winters than we, yet apples are hardy there that are not here; 

 why should this be if it is the winter's cold that kills them? I have 

 no doubt the trouble lies in our summer drouths. We cannot 

 make more rain fall on our orchards, nor can we irrigate, but we 

 can preserve what water does fall on our land by proper cultivation. 



Mr. John M. Pearson — What proportion of poison do you use? 



Mr. E. A. Riehl — I used what the authorities recommend, which 

 is one pound of London purple or Paris green to 200 gallons of 

 water, and of white arsenic one pound to 400 gallons of water. 



Mr. Browne — Why will not an ordinary force pump answer the 

 purpose? 



Mr. E. A. Riehl — Because it has not pressure enough, it must 

 be a pump especially manufactured for the purpose. I think the 

 Nixon nozzle the best I have yet seen and would advise anyone who 

 intends to spray to purchase the whole outfit. It costs about $35. 

 The work of spraying costs but very little. Three men and a team 

 are required to ran the outfit, and they can spray about 150 trees per 

 day, more or less, according to the size of the trees. 



Mr. Pearson — How do you cultivate a full grown orchard? 

 My old trees are so close to the ground that it is impossible to get 

 under them with a team and plow, 



Mr. E. A. Riehl — You should keep your orchard pruned up s» 

 high that a team can go through it in any direction. 



