260 TEANSACTIONS OF THE HORTICULTUEAL 



•fruit. Would always leave plenty of leaves to shed the super-abun- 

 dance of moisture, which would otherwise fall on the fruit. When 

 there is plenty of radiation, the leaves that are outside and not shel- 

 tered, gather a great deal of moisture, and are covered with water 

 or dew, which prevent their giving off the needed moisture from the 

 roots. It is, therefore, necessary that there be plenty of sheltered 

 foliage to supply the needed evaporation from the roots. 



Mr. Austin — I have seen vines that had not been trimmed for 

 a number of years, bear heavy crops, and I do not think we can 

 always tell just how much benefit is derived from pruning. 



Mr. Cotta — I think the less summer trimming we give our 



. vines, the better. The bearing vines should be allowed to grow 



during their fruiting, and make as much foliage as they will. We 



prune in order to reduce the number of bunches, that what remain 



may be improved in size and quality. 



Mr. Periam — I do not wish it understood that I advocate con- 

 tinual summer pruning, as the vines so treated would soon go back. 

 It would not have leaves enough to keep the increasing roots in a 

 healthy condition. I would simply pinch back a little during the 

 summer in case the vine seemed to be running too much to wood. 

 This process simply retards the growth and does not rob the vine of 

 its foliage. 



HANDLING, SHirPING AND MARKETING FRUITS. 

 BT JESSE E. WHITNEY, CARROLL, IOWA. 



A few days ago I was invited by your President, Mr. Arthur 

 Bryant, to write something on the subject of "Handling, Shipping 

 and Marketing Fruit." In the past few years I have had consider- 

 able experience in marketing fruits. I have handled fruits from a 

 great many different sections of the country, and of a great many 

 different men's packing. As a result, I find the most important 

 thing in packing fruit is to be honest. When you have packed your 

 fruit honestly it will sell, and the people will call on you for more ; 

 if packed dishonestly, your trade is at an end. It should be packed 

 and handled as carefully as eggs. Pack in new full-sized barrels. 

 If the fruit you are handling is apples, dress the ends of the barrels 

 that are to be opened, thereby presenting an even, regular and 

 inviting appearance ; the fruit should be packed tight and pressed in 

 the barrels, to prevent shaking and bruising. This same rule applies 

 to all other fruits. 



