CERTIFICATES IN FORESTRY. 19 



injurious to trees — preservation of birds which prey upon them, drawing a 

 distinction between birds which are beneficial and those which are destructive 

 to trees. 



II.— ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 



1. Nutritive Organs of phxnts. — Root, stem, leaves. Functions of roots. 

 Various kinds of stems, with examples. Use of the stem. Structure of 

 leaves. Different kinds of leaves. Arrangement and functions of leaves. 



2. Eeproductive Organs. — Flower and its parts. Arrangement of the whorls 

 of the flower — calyx, corolla, stamens, pistil. Ovule. Mature pistil or fruit. 

 Pruning and grafting. Seed. Young plant or embryo. Sprouting of the 

 seed or germination. 3. General Principles of Classification. — Meaning of the 

 terms Class, Order, Genus, Species. Illustrations taken from common forest 

 trees and shrubs. Practical Examination on fresh specimens and models ; 

 some of the latter may be seen in the Museum at the Royal Botanic Garden, 

 which is open daily to the public free. Candidates may consult Professor 

 Balfour's " Elements of Botany," published by A. & C. Black, Edinburgh, 

 1869. Price 3s. 6d. 



III.— NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, DRAINAGE AND 



EFFECTS OF CLIMATE. 

 1. The different descriptions of soils, their classification, and suitability to 

 growth of different descriptions of timber trees. 2. The composition and 

 constituents of soils. The relations between the soil and trees growing on it. 



3. The effects of drainage on soils and on climate. 4. The mode of drainage 

 for plantations. 5. The influence of temperature, rainfall, aspect, shelter, 

 and prevailing winds on tree life. 6. The methods of registering and record- 

 ing observations, and the instruments used. 



IV.— LAND AND TIMBER MEASURING AND SURVEYING; 

 MECHANICS AND CONSTRUCTION as applied to Fencing, 

 Bpjdging, and Road-Making; IMPLEMENTS OF FORESTRY. 



1. The use of the Level and Measuring Chain. Measuring and mapping 

 surface areas. 2. The measurement of solid bodies — as timber, stacked bark, 

 faggots, &c., earthwork. 3. The different modes of fencing and enclosing 

 plantations ; their relative advantages, durability, cost of construction, and 

 repairs. 4. The setting out and formation of roads for temporary or perma- 

 nent use. 5. The construction of bridges over streams and gullies ; of gates 

 or other entrances. 6. The different implements and tools used in planting, 

 pruning, felling, barking, and working up timber trees, or prepairing them for 

 sale. Ewart's " Agricultural Assistant ;" Blackie & Son, Glasgow and Edin- 

 burgh ; price 3s. 6d. Strachan's " Agricultural Tables /' Oliver & Boyd, 

 Edinburgh ; price 2s. 6d. 



v.— BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS. 

 1. Questions in practice and proportion. 2. Book-keeping— describe books 

 to be kept ; give examples. Taking of stock. 



CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 



Chemist. — 

 The object of the Chemical Department are to arrange Experiments to be 

 conducted at the Society's Agricultural Stations, &c. 



{This department is under reconsideration.) 



