22 INOCULATION AS A PREVENTION OF PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA. 



rule ; they should always be housed under inoculation, and 

 every care taken to ensure the thorough comfort and genial 

 warmth of the byres. They must be kept absolutely free from 

 draughts of cold air ; there should be no open doors, holes, nor 

 broken windows behind them ; and I have made it a practice, 

 while allowing free breathing room over their heads, to keep 

 them well protected over the back by packing the space between 

 the rafters and roof with plenty of straw. In extreme cold 

 weather I have successfully several times arrested very severe 

 outbreaks without casuality by adding to these precautions 

 clothing the body, especially the back part of it, with bags, or 

 any coverings handy and warm enough, and by keeping lights 

 burning in the byres day and night, so as to modify the tem- 

 perature of the surrounding air. In short, in the case of cows, 

 give them air at their heads above, but in other directions they 

 cannot be kept too comfortably warm. So in the case of bul- 

 locks that may have to be inoculated during the cold months, I 

 consider it necessary, and always have taken steps to -ensure 

 them more protection and comfort than is afforded them in the 

 fields or in open cattle courts. 



During last winter, and during cold raw weather, I arrested 

 without loss an outbreak, the precautions taken to ensure comfort 

 being, putting the animals (three-year-old bullocks) in sufficient 

 number into different sheds, so that their very numbers ensured a 

 dcOTee of heat ; the roofs of the sheds w^ere covered thicklv with 

 straw, and the openings in front of the sheds were filled in vidth 

 flakes outside and inside, with bundles of straw between. The 

 result was that, as the grieve said, they were sometimes almost 

 too warm. All did well, however. I stopped the disease with- 

 out loss. I mention the case to show that, even if an outbreak 

 occurs in the depth of winter, and it be decided to inoculate, the 

 danger from cold need be no bar to the operation, seeing that the 

 animals can be made warm enough by the exercise of a little 

 ingenuity. 



As I have already said, the operation is attended with little or 

 no risk during mild and warm weather. Grazing stock and 

 calves may be done with the greatest impunity. Cows, however, 

 I must repeat, are better housed, so that they may be kept 

 quieter and more under observation. 



Attention to the second set of conditions, or those existing 

 within the animal, is even more important than to the first. 



The object of inoculating being generally to arrest an outbreak 

 quite as much as to prevent it, it is of the greatest importance to 

 determine accurately those that are already affected. It is hardly 

 within the province of this paper to enumerate the various sym- 

 toms by which pleuro is known. They are sufficiently well 

 known ; but I would point out the immense value of and assist- 

 ance that may be derived from the intelligent use of the clinical 



