WINTER 1879-80 UPON TREES AND SHRUBS. 81 



have been more or less affected, about 3000 being entirely killed, 

 while many thousand shrubs will have to be cut down to the 

 roots. The Trocaclero Garden, laid out during the exhibition 

 year at great cost, has suffered still more severely, from the 

 plants nob being thoroughly established in their new site. In 

 the Bois de Boulogne it will be necessary to replace 50,000 

 evergreens, 20,000 Coniferse, and 30,000 deciduous trees, besides 

 about 5000 other plants. The nurseries at Auteuil have sus- 

 tained damage to the extent of £3500, and the estimate for 

 making good the losses in other parks are : — Yincennes, £9500 ; 

 Paris Gardens, £8500 ; Cemeteries, £1600. It was also re- 

 marked that many species which had appeared to have become 

 acclimatised in "France, have been, in many places, unable to 

 resist the extreme temperature of the past winter, and many of 

 the newer coniferous trees, and Cedars of Lebanon around Paris, 

 including Araucarias, and Pinus of many varieties, have been 

 killed. All over the country, and far to the south of Prance, 

 the frost proved equally fatal. One firm of plant growers, who 

 possess large nurseries near Orleans, are actually purchasing 

 grafts and young plants in this country this summer to replace 

 lost stock from the undue severity of the winter of 1879-80. 



THE TAY BRIDGE GALE OF 28th DECEMBER 1879, AND THE 

 DESTRUCTION CAUSED THEREBY TO ^VOODS AND TREES. 



By Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie. 



[Premium — The Minor Gold Medal.] 



No report upon the winter of 1879-80, and its disastrous effects 

 upon trees and shrubs, would be complete did it leave un- 

 noticed one feature of that memorable season, which of itself alone 

 was calculated to rank the winter in question as one of the most 

 noteworthy on record. While to the intensity of the cold, many 

 thousands of plants and trees and shrubs succumbed, an amount 

 of damaire to old trees and woodlands throui^hout the countrv was 

 done in one night by a violent gale of wind from the S.AV., whicli 

 is quite uni)aralleled in the annals of any previous storm, and 

 the commercial loss to proprietors in blown timber, within the 

 area of the gale, it is almost impossible to ascertain, so umch of 

 the wood has been so twisted and broken across at ten and 

 twelve feet above ground in many cases, splintering and shak- 

 ing the whole timber in the trees, as to render them absolutely 

 unmarketable, and comparatively valueless. 



This gale will long be remembered as the "Tny Bridge Gale," 



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