54 THE PIN US INSIGNIS, AND ITS VALUE 



I have now given a statement of the results of different sorts 

 of feeding, on the quantity and quality of butter and cheese 

 produced, also how these may be affected by other circum- 

 stances. I have also stated the quantity of milk, as well as 

 butter and cheese, a good cow ought to produce annually, also 

 the expense of her keep. These remarks, I may state, are the 

 result of several years' experience, and are founded on facts. 



I must say in conclusion, that if more attention was paid to 

 the sort of food given to milk cows, especially those kept for 

 dairy purposes, I am convinced that fewer diseases would be 

 heard of in the large towns, whicli evidently arise from the 

 effects of unwholesome milk imparted frcm the food the cows 

 are generally fed upon. 



THE PINUS INSIGNIS, AND ITS VALUE FOR PLANTING 



IN SCOTLAND. 



By Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie. 



[Fremium — Five Sovereigns.] 



Pinm insignis, Douglas, the Remarkable Pine. 



Syiion. — Plnus radiata (Hartweg). 

 „ californica (Loisel). 

 „ adunca (Bosc). 

 ,, montereyensis (Ranch). 



Leaves. — In threes, of a rich deep grass-green colour, rather slender and 

 tapering, twisted considerably, very densely set on branches, various 

 in length, from 4 to 6 inches long, ribbed on the inner sides and 

 sharp-pointed ; sheaths, short, smooth, and about ^ of an inch in 

 length. 



Branches. — Numerous, rather irregular, and thickly set with close slender 

 branchlets near the extremities. 



Cones. — Ovate-conical, pointed, chiefly developed on the exposed side, and 

 chiefly so near the base on the outer side, 3^ to 4 inches in length, 

 and about 2^ inches wide, chiefly in clusters of from three to five in 

 number round the stem near the toj) of the tree, or round the prin- 

 cipal branches near their tips, of a pale yellowish-brown colour, 

 extremely hard, and with a smooth, glistering surface ; they grow 

 pointing downwards and inwards towards the branch, and remain for 

 several years on the tree if undisturbed. 



Scales. — Spirally disposed in five rows the one way and eight the other, 

 thickest at the base, tapering into a four-sided blunt pyramid, with 

 a sunken scar in the centre, terminated by a very short prickle, 

 largest on the outer side, and chiefly towards the base, while those 

 towards the points are very small and little elevated. 



iSied^', — Of medium size, almost black in colour, with an ample wing, fully 

 an inch in length. Two years are required to ripen the seed. 



Habitat. — California : on the higher parts of the Coast Mountains, but not 

 more than from 200 to 300 feet above sea-level. In quantity at 

 " Point Pinos," near Monterey, where many of the trees are one- 

 sided, owing to the prevalence of strong north-westerly gales in that 

 region for a considerable portion of the year. 



