Geol.— Vol. I.] SMITH— COMPARATIVE STRATIGRAPHY. 329 



Peninsula, and in Armenia. Characteristic faunas of the 

 Middle Trias are known in the Germanic province, the 

 Alpine province, the Pyrenees, the Balkan Peninsula, and 

 in the Gulf of Ismid in the Sea of Marmora. Typical 

 cephalopod faunas of the Upper Trias are known in the 

 Mediterranean region only in the Alpine province, and from 

 Balia Maaden in Asia Minor. The strata in the Pyrenees 

 that have been ascribed to this age probably belong to the 

 Buchenstein epoch, the upper part of the Muschelkalk. 



The waters of the Mediterranean region extended from 

 the Pyrenees on the west, to the Araxes River, in Armenia, 

 on the east, although probably not extending all over this 

 expanse at one time. The greatest expansion of the waters 

 of this region occurred in the Muschelkalk, when a char- 

 acteristic fauna extended from Spain to the Sea of Mar- 

 mora, when cephalopods made their way from the Germanic 

 inland sea into the Alpine province, and when certain 

 elements were common to the Mediterranean, the Oriental, 

 and the Arctic-Pacific regions. 



The cephalopod faunas of the Mediterranean region have 

 been fully described and illustrated by E. von Mojsisovics, 

 in " Die Cephalopoden der Mediterranen Triasprovinz " 

 (21), and in "Das Gebirge um Hallstatt" (22 and 23), 

 Parts I and II. These works have served as a standard 

 and means of comparison of Triassic faunas, wherever such 

 have been found. 



Dr. E. Philippi (29^) has recently published a monograph 

 on the Ceratites of the Muschelkalk of the Germanic basin, 

 in which all the ammonites of that province are described. 



The Oi'iental Region. Triassic faunas are known in the 

 Oriental region chiefly from the Himalayas and the Salt 

 Range in India, although outliers also occur in Afghanistan 

 and the Pamir. The entire Triassic stratigraphic column 

 is represented in this region, although only parts of it at 

 any one place. The Lower Trias is best developed in the 

 Salt Range, the Middle Trias poorly, and the Upper Trias 

 scarcely at all. In the Himalayas, on the other hand, the 

 Lower Trias is not so well developed as in the Salt Range, 



