330 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [Proc. 3D Ser. 



but the Middle and the Upper Trias are nearly complete, 

 the supposed profound breaks in the sedimentation having 

 been shown by Dr. A. von Krafft (15) to be absent. 



The Oriental region furnishes the world's type of open- 

 sea faunas of the Lower Trias, and the cephalopods of this 

 epoch are incomparably rich in contrast with the scanty 

 representation of the Werfen beds of the Mediterranean 

 region. 



During the Lower Trias the Oriental region was cut off 

 from the Mediterranean, but was intimately connected with 

 the Siberian province of the Arctic-Pacific region, and with 

 the American region, as attested by the absence in all these 

 of the Tirolitinte of the Mediterranean, and the abundance 

 of Flemingites, Ophice^-as, Meekoceras, Aspidites, and other 

 members of the Meekoceratid^. Several species are com- 

 mon to the Indian and the Siberian provinces, as Ceratites 

 subrobustus Mojsisovics, Meekoceras boreale Diener, Ophi- 

 ceras sakuntala Diener, Hedenstrcemia mojsisovicsi Diener; 

 and several are represented in the American region by 

 either identical or closely related forms. 



During the Middle Trias the Oriental region still shows 

 its connection with the Arctic-Pacific, and begins to show 

 some slight relationship with the Mediterranean region, with 

 a few very doubtful species in common. The former 

 intimate connection with the American region seems to 

 have been interrupted with the beginning of the Musch- 

 elkalk. 



The Upper Trias is best represented in the Himalayan 

 province of the Oriental region ; the Karnic stage contains 

 the Tropites subbullattis fauna, common to the Alpine prov- 

 ince and the western American beds, with a possible 

 identity of species with both regions. 



The cephalopod faunas of the Lower and the Middle Trias 

 of the Oriental region have been described by W. Waagen 

 (38), and by C. Diener (3 and 4), in three large mono- 

 graphs, in which all known species of that region, old or 

 new, are described and figured. These works have become 

 a standard and means of comparison of the Lower Triassic 

 faunas of all the world. 



