Geol.-Vol. I.] SMITH— COMPARATIVE STRATIGRAPHY. 339 



similar fauna is found in this horizon in the Mediterranean 

 and the Oriental regions. Correlative beds with some- 

 what kindred faunas are found in northern Siberia, Spitz- 

 bergen, and Nevada, indicating a closer relationship between 

 the Arctic-Pacific and the American regions. The occur- 

 rence of Balatonites in the Alpine province and in Nevada, 

 while it was lacking in the Oriental and the Arctic-Pacific 

 regions, deserves especial notice. 



In the upper Muschelkalk, orFassanicsubstage, the equiv- 

 alents of the Marmolata and Buchenstein formations of the 

 Alps, there was a widespread readjustment, and consequent 

 migration of species into basins or seas previously cut off. 

 This shows itself in the migration of the Ceratites nodosus 

 fauna from the Germanic into the Alpine province; further 

 in the appearance of the Protrachyccrata in the Arctic- 

 Pacific and the American regions, probably as immigrants 

 from the Mediterranean waters, for in the Rikusen beds of 

 Japan, and the lower limestones of the West Humboldt 

 Range of Nevada, is found a fauna closely aUied to the 

 Buchenstein fauna of the Alps. Marine fossils of this age 

 are known in the Oriental region, in the lower part of the 

 Daonella beds of the Himalayas. 



The most characteristic genera of the Muschelkalk are 

 Ceratites, Ptychites, Hungarites, Bey7'ichites, Balatonites, 

 Acrochordiceras, Monophyllites; and for the upper part, 

 Anolcites, Protrachyceras, Ceratites, and Arcestes. 



The cephalopod faunas of the Muschelkalk have been 

 described by the following authors : 



1. Mediterranean region,'^., von Mojsisovics (21) for the 

 entire region, especially the Alpine province; E. Philippi 

 (29a) for the Germanic province; G. von Arthaber (i and 

 i«) for the Alpine province; F. von Hauer (10 and 11) for 

 the Balkan province, especially Bosnia; A. Tornquist (35 

 and 36) for the zone of Ceratites nodosus in the Alpine and 

 the Germanic provinces; F. Toula (37) for the Byzantine 

 province. 



2. Arctic-Pacific region, E. von Mojsisovics (20 and 26) 

 for the northern Siberian and the Japanese provinces; C. 

 Diener (5) for the eastern Siberian province. 



