THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DAIRY BREEDS. 25 



and an animal of mixed blood on the other side. Generally the 

 thoroughbred animal is represented on the side of the sire. 

 There is no special reason why this should be so except that the 

 male exercises a large amount of influence in the herd, while the 

 female exercises influence only over a small number of progeny. 

 In the grade stock we sometimes find as valuable animals, as far 

 as milk and butter products are concerned, as we find in the best 

 of thoroughbreds, but when we take into consideration the proge- 

 ny of the animal we cannot expect as good results from grade 

 stock as from thoroughbred. If the question of the sale of proge- 

 ny is not an important one, one can oftentimes build up a herd 

 of grade stock and get just as good results as he would get from 

 a thoroughbred herd. It can be done very much cheaper 

 because the breeder can secure a thoroughbred male and a num- 

 ber of excellent females of mixed blood at a very much smaller 

 cost than he can secure a number of thoroughbred animals, both 

 male and females, for foundation stock. But even if you do this 

 it seems to me that it is always wise, if possible, to have one or 

 two thoroughbred females of good quality to be building up 

 from at the same time you are using the thoroughbred male in 

 breeding grades. Then you would be making headway much 

 more rapidly. You would be getting ahead with thoroughbreds 

 Rt the same time that you were gaining ground with your grades, 

 and after a time the thoroughbreds would increase to that extent 

 that you could replace entirely the grade stock. 



Another thing that we need to take into consideration is that, 

 when we have selected a breed for dairy purposes, this does not 

 end all of the thought and care that is necessary in our breeding 

 operations. As I said a little while ago, there are wide varia- 

 tions in the types within a breed. A good deal of study has been 

 given to the subject of the types of dairy cows within the last 

 few years. It is important to know whether the type is one that 

 will tend to result in the largest amount of dairy products, or one 

 that would tend to lead the animal to beef production, at the 

 expense of milk production. It has been found that a peculiar 

 external conformation is necessary to the highest dairy develop- 

 ment. That is, if the animal shows any marked tendency towards 

 the development of beef qualities, this will take so much away 

 from the development of dairy qualities. This is in accordance 

 with the principles which I have already laid down, that you can 



