' lombinatiou. 



235 





Notes on the animal life in some of the fiords examined. 



[n the small fiords surrounding Sandhorn0, a few dredgings 

 wore made, and the result was so far satisfactory as to enable us 

 to form an opinion of the character of the animal life in these 

 fiords. Of annelides, the following were noticed: -- Earmothoe 

 impar, Lepidonotus cirrosus, Phyllodoce maculata. Nephthys ciliata, 

 X. coeca, Onuphis conchylega, Leodice norvegica, Arenieola marina, 

 Potctmilla negleeia, Filigrana implexa, Stemaspis fossor. In „fjseren" 

 near Sund farm, several specimens of Echiurus pallasi were taken. 

 Of echinoderms') were taken e. g. Ctenodiscus crispatus and 

 Solaster syrtensis, and of brachiopods and molluscs: Terebratulina 

 caput serpentis, T. septentrionalis, Pectun islandicus, I', septemradiatus, 

 Modiolaria laevigata, Leda minuta, Portlandia /nuns. P. lentieula, 

 Area pectunculoides, Cardiwm fasciatum, C. minimum, Astarte bariksi, 

 A. sulcata, A. compressa, Nemra arctica, N.obesa, X. obesa var. glacialis, 

 Saxicava arctica, Zirphma aispata, Margarita groenlandiea, Machce- 

 roplax obscura, Trochus occidentalis, Amauropsis islandica, Natica 

 affinis, Admete viridula, Bela declivis, B. rii<iul<rf<<, />'. tenuicostata, 

 Typhlomangelia nivalis, Trophon clatratus var. gunneri, T. bar- 

 vicensis, Buccinum undatum, Neptunea despecta, Amphisphyra glo- 

 bosa, A. hiemalis. Of Amphipoda may be mentioned: -■ Lepidepe 

 creum umbo, Ampelisca eschrichti, Paroediceros propinqvus, Aceros 

 phyllonyx, Parapleustes latipes, Acanthonotosoma seirahtm, Syrhoe 

 crenulata. of Decapoda: - ■ Pandalus amwlicornis, P. borealis, 

 P. brevirostris, Crangon almani, Pontophilus norvegicus, Sabinea 

 septemcarinata, 8. scptemcarinata var. sar.si, Hippolyte gaimardi, E 

 spinus, H. lilljeborgi, 11. polaris, Eupagurus pubescens, Galathea 

 dispersa, Munida rugosa. Of fish in these small fiords, the follow- 

 ing were taken: — Centridermichthys uncinatus, Drepanopsetta 

 platessoides and Lumpenus lampretiformis. Especially characteristic 

 for the fiord between Sandhorno and Gildeskaal was the large 

 number of Decapoda. There was a good fishing place for Sebastes 

 marinus in the fiord. There are several boreal forms among the 

 above mentioned animals, but a more thorough examination than I 

 was able to make would probably show that the arctic forms are 

 in the majority. 



The Skjerstad Fiord has a fauna which corresponds to 

 chat of the fiords surrounding Sandhorno. There too, we made several 

 hauls so that we got a more perfect result. Of Coehnterat t which 

 were noticed the following may be mentioned: — 



Lucernaria qvadrieornis, Alcyonium digitatum, Paraspongodes 

 fruticosa, Cladiscus gracilis, Paraedtvardsia arenarea, Actinostola 

 callosa. Of Eehinodermata : — Antedon tenella, Ophiura robusta 

 Ctenodiscus crispatus, Psilaster andromeda, Hippasterias phrygiana' 

 Solaster papposus, Asterias mulleri, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis' 

 Spatangm purpureus etc. Of Polychwta: -- Earmothoe impar, H. 

 oerstedi, Leanira tetragona, Eumida sanguinea, Glyceria capitata, 

 Onuphis eonchylega, Nereis pelagica, Leodice norvegica, Brada vil- 

 losa, Eumenia crassa, Nicomache lumbricalis, Pectinaria hyberborea, 

 Maldane biceps, TerebeUides strbmi, Telepus circinnatus, Poiamilla 

 neglecta. Of Brachiopods and Mollusks were observed: — Wald- 

 heimia cranium, Terebratulina septentrionalis, Anomia aculeata, 

 Pecten islandicus, P. vitreus, Nucula tumidula, X tenuis, Leda 

 pernula, L. minuta, Portlandia lucida, P. tenuis, P. lentieula, Am, 

 pectunculoides, Cardium fasciatum, C. minimum, Astarte banM, A. 



') Asterias rubens occurred in monstrous siz.-. (in,- ,.f those we took had 

 thrown its arms around a Cyprina illandica, which was half sucked out. 



crenata, Axinus flexuosus, A. croulinensis, Necera arctica, X. sub- 

 torta, X. cuspidata, Saxicava arctica, Dentalium entale, Siphono- 

 dentalium vitreum, Tectum virginea, Lepeta coeca, Puncturella noa- 

 china, Natica affinis, Littorina rudis, Eissoa jeffreysi, Scalaria 

 groenlandica (s), Admete viridula, Bela rugulata, />'. trevellyana, 

 P. k-nuieostata, Typhlomangelia nivalis, Trophon barvicensis, Bucci- 

 num undatum, //. flnmarchianum (?), Neptunea despecta, Siphoebur 

 (si. Cylichna alba, Phitim quadrata, Philinc finmarchica, Dendro- 

 notus robustus, Campespt major] Coryphella rufibranchialis, C.nord- 

 gaardi. 



Amphipoda: - Ambasia danielseni, Calisoma crenata, Tryphosa 

 horingi, Paraphoxus oculatus, Ampelisca eschrichti, Stegocephalus 

 similis, Metopa alderi, Monoculodes longirostris, Aceros phyllonyx, 

 Paramphitoe pulchella, Parapleustes latipes, Syrrhoe crenulata, 

 Rhacotropis helleri, 11. macropus, Ealirages fulvocinctus, Melita 

 dentata, Tschyrocerus minutus, Mginella spinosa. 



Tsopoda: — Munnopsis typica, Euryeopt <-<>nu<tu. 

 Schizopoda: -- Boreomysis tridens, Erythrops goesi, /•,'. abysao- 

 niiii. Amblyops abbreviate, Mysideis insignis. 



Decapoda: -- Pasiphma tarda, Pandalus annulicornis, P. bo- 

 realis, Sekrocrangon boreas, Pontophilus norvegicus, Sabinea septem 

 carinata, Hippolyte gaimardi, H. spinus, H. lilljeborgi, II. polaris, 

 Eupagurus pubescens, Hyas araneus, II. coarctatus. 

 Mon iscidia : — Polycarpa libera. 



In the Skjerstad Fiord, as already mentioned, the warm, salt 

 bottom water (t = 6—7°, s = about 35 %o) cannot penetrate, 

 or at any rate not in sufficient quantity to have any dominating 

 influence on the natural conditions in the fiord. Here too. how- 

 ever, boreal forms occur in no small numbers, although arctic forms 

 are undoubtedly found in much largei numbers than boreal ones. 

 And when one finds that the fiord contains such forms as Potamilla 

 neglecta, Necera arctica, X subtorta, Siplwnodentalium vitreum, Phi- 

 line finmarchica, Campespe major. Sclerocrangon boreas, Polycarpa 

 libera etc., there is reason to conclude that the fauna of the Skjer- 

 stad Fiord is predominantly arctic. 



The same must also be said of Skjomen, the Kanstad Fiord 

 (cf. Hydrography, p. 20). 



1 will not give any detailed list of the forms noticed in these 

 latter fiords, but only mention that in the Ogs Fiord were found, 

 amongst others, Ctenodiscus crispatus, Pectinaria hyperborea, Acan- 

 thozone cuspidata, in the Kanstad Fiord Asterias lutein was found 

 and in the Kirk Fiord. Clymenia praetermissa, Elaine depressa, 

 Defrancia lucernaria etc. 



On the other hand, it has been proved that in those fiords, or 

 parts of fiords, where the ocean water has free access (t = 6 — 

 7" ('.. s = about 35 %o) the fauna in the deep water is predomi- 

 nantly boreal. ((A'. Hydrography, p. 10). With respect to the Vest 

 Fiord. Professor (i. 0. Saks 1 ) many years ago called attention to 

 the fact that in the littoral and sublittoral zones some characteristic 

 arctic animal forms certainly do occur, while the fauna in the deep 

 water is southern in its character, and corresponds in most respects 

 to the fauna on the west coast of Norway. 



Bj the aid of the material which has been obtained by hydro- 

 graplucal research in recent years, we are now able to explain the 

 reason for this state of things. On the surface, the warm current, 

 which Hows northwards, makes itself most felt on the outer coast, 

 but its influence decreases the further one goes in the fiords. But, 



') Nogl-j Bemerkninger oin den .Marine Faunas Karakter ved Norges nord- 

 lige Kyster. Troinsa Museums Aarshefter, II. Trornsa, 1879. 



