Chart 4: Italy: 



LJ policy and operational control has been centralized very recently in the Ministry for University and S&T 

 Research; the bulk of funding supports CNR (basic & precompetitive research), ENEA (energy and 

 technology development) and the new Space Agency. 



n Italy has the fourth largest EC S&T expenditure, $10.0 billion inconstant 1988 dollars; the figure for 1989, in 

 current dollars, is $10.0 billion; 



LJ industry funds 42% of total R&D, a recent reversal of a long downward trend; 



LH an extremely low percentage of the national budget goes to defense R&D: 8.5% 



CH Priorities: 



• increased funds for new technologies research 



• increasing overall level of govt and private R&D expenditures 



• decreasing support for nuclear electric power development 



• parity by 1 992, in GDP ratio for R&D, with UK and France 



L] the percentage of GDP devoted to R&D is low by standards of industrialized countries: 1 .25 % in 1989, down 

 from 1 .4% in 1 987 but up from 1 .12% in 1 985; 



CH the percentage of national budget spent on R&D was 1 .6% in 1 986; 



CH Italy's annual growth rate in S&T spending was 12-13% during the 1980's (12.2% real adjusted growth 

 1985-88); 



I I basic research averaged 1 5-16% of total R&D expenditures during the early 1 980's, and 34-36% of the 

 national budget for R&D; 



CH there have been large recent increases in contributions to European-wide R&D programs. 



Charts: Netherlands: 



CH policymaking and operational direction of S&T are decentralized through several advisory bodies (RWT is 

 predominant) and two government ministries. Economics and Education & Science; 



n the Netherlands has the fifth largest EC S&T expenditure: $4.4 billion in constant 1988 dollars; the figure for 

 1 989, in current dollars, is $4.9 billion; 



D industry funds 55% of total R&D (1 989); the trend is strongly up, from 50% in 1 985 (70% of this portion is 

 performed by five multinational corporations); 



D the portion of GDP devoted to R&D is 2.38%, strongly up from 2.1 1% in 1985 and from 2.03% in 1980; 



LH there has been an annual rise of 8.4% in total R&D expenditures over past several years; (5.3% real adjusted 

 growth 1 985-88) 



LJ basic research averages 18% of national R&D budget; 



lJ an extremely low percentage of budget goes to defense R&D: 2.6% in 1988. 



CH Phorities are to: 



• stimulate innovation and R&D performed by SMEs 



• increase funding for advanced technologies R&D (lOPs) 



• decrease government sector R&D and encourage market oriented R&D 



