44 TILIA ET'ROP.-r.A. 



always to be taken up and replanted every two or three years. A tree which 

 has stood some years without being removed, should have the roots cnt round, 

 at three or four feet tVom tbe stem, a year before removal, for the pur})ose of 

 stunting the growth, both of the head and roots, and of forming smaller roots 

 and lib res. ' 



Inscc/s. The foliage of the Tilia europoea affords a pabulum to the larvae of 

 many lepidopterous insects, some of which feed exclusively upon it, while others 

 prey upon tliat of various trees. Among those which prove the most injurious 

 to it in the United States, are several species of the Geometridae, such as span- 

 worms, loopers, measurers, etc., some of which also feed indiscriminately upon 

 the elm, maple, horse-chesnut, sycamore, (Platanus,) poplar, apple, cherry, and 

 plum. Within the last five or six years, soon after the unfolding of the leaves 

 of these trees, they have been attacked by the larvae of these insects, and in some 

 instances have been entirely divested of their foliage. They usually emerge from 

 the egg, at New York and vicinity, about the middle of May, and during the 

 month of June suspend themselves by their silken lines from the trees along the 

 streets and avenues, greatly to the annoyance of the citizens. After gorging 

 themselves with the tender foliage for three or four weeks, they quit the tree, 

 enter the ground, or some other place of concealment, and undergo their trans- 

 formations. The perfect insects of most of the species appear about the 2()th of 

 July, aijd others at various periods in autumn, and in the following spring. They 

 commonly consist of small, whitish, or variegated millers, and, in some species, 

 the females have no wings. Soon after their appearance, the females make pro- 

 vision for their future progeny, by laying their eggs upon the leaves, branches, 

 or trunks of trees, and then die. Various expedients have been resorted to for 

 the destruction of these insects, and but a few of these have proved effectual, 

 except those of crushing them to death, when on the trees, or by destroying the 

 chrysalides, or the eggs. 



Another insect, in this country, which is more pernicious and fatal to the 

 European linden-tree than the preceding, is a long-horned beetle, (^Saperda ves- 

 tita. Say,) described and figured by Dr. T. W. Harris, in Hovey's "Magazine of 

 Horticulture." vol. x., p. 330. It was discovered about twenty years ago by Mr. 

 Thomas Say, near the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, and has been 

 known for several years in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Ncav York. The 

 insect, in the winged state, is a little more than 

 half of an inch in length, and is covered with a 

 greenish down, having two dark spots on each 

 wing cover, as indicated in the adjoining figure. 

 It makes its appearance in the month of May, and 

 commences eating the young bark and tender 

 twi^s, and often the petioles of the leaves. The 

 female deposits her eggs on the branches and 

 trunks of the trees, where they remain during the 

 autumn and winter. According to Dr. Harris, a 

 strip of the bark of the large linden in Cambridge, 

 mentioned in a preceding page, two feet wide at the 

 bottom, and extending to the top of the trunk, has 

 been destroyed, and the exposed surface of the 

 wood is pierced and grooved with countless numbers of holes, wherein the larvae 

 of these insects have been bred, and whence swarms of beetles have issued in 

 times past. The lindens in Washington square, in Philadelphia, were also 

 attacked by these borers a few years since, and in 1842, it became necessary 

 to remove them entirely. The superintendent of the square informed us, that 

 soon after the European species was cut down, they attacked the American lin- 

 denSj which probably would have been destroyed, had not the insects been arrested 



