300 FYUUS MALL'S. 



their first praftors forcvor; such as took tlicir names from Matins, Ccstiiis, Man- 

 Hiis. and ClaiKhns." He particiilarizt's the "(inincr iijtplrs,'' that ramo. from a 

 quince gralted upon an apple stock, which smellcd hke the quince, antl were 

 called A/t/titina. iilwr A])pnis, ot' the house of Claudius. It must l)e confessed, 

 however, that !*hny lias related so many particulars as facts, concerning the 

 apple, (such as chanirinLr the fruit to the colour of hhrnd. hy t^raftinir it on the 

 mulberry: and the tn-e in the Tyburtines country, " i^ralU'd and laden with all 

 manner ot' iVnits." which arc regarded hy modern grafters as physiological impos- 

 sibilities.) it would seem that very little contidence could be pla(!cd in his state- 

 ments of any kind, lint what reason have we to doubt the authority of a man, 

 who.se lite was spent to the benefit of mankind, and M'hos<! death was caused hy 

 his perseverance in search ol truth .' Instances of grafting trees of dilfercnt fam- 

 ilies upon one another, arc also mentioned by other old authors, and even our 

 Evelyn, of more recent times, states that he saw, in Holland, a rose engrafted 

 upon the orange. Columella, a practical husbandman, who wrote some years 

 before Pliny, describes three methods of grafting, as handed down to him, by whom 

 lie calls the " ancients," besides a fourth method of his own, and a mode of inarch- 

 ing, or grafting by approach, "whereby all sorts of grafts may be graffcd upon 

 all sorts of trees." It v.'ould appear, however, that the art of grafting, at the 

 period in which he flourished, was comparatively a modern invention, as it is 

 not mentioned by Moses, in his directions to the Israelites when they 



<***** g^jaii come into the land, and shall 

 have planted all manner of trees ;" 



neither by Hesiod nor Homer, although forming a part of the subjects on which 

 they wrote.* 



^Vhitaker, in his " History of Manchester," conjectures that the apple was 

 brought into Britain by the first colonies of the natives, and by the Haedui of 

 Somersetshire in particular; hence Glastonbury was distinguished by the title of 

 " Avellonia " or apple orchard, previously to the arrival of the Romans. Before 

 the Hlrd century, this fruit had spread over the whole island, and so widely, 

 that, according to Solinus, there were large plantations of it in the " Ultima 

 Thule." The manufacture of wine from the apple, appears to have occurred in 

 Norfolk, at the beginning of the XHIth century ; for it is stated by Bloomfield, 

 that, in the sixth year of King John, (1205,) Robert de Evermere was found to 

 hold his lordship of Redham and Stokesly, m Norfolk, by petty sergeantry, the 

 annual payment of two hundred pearmains, and four hogsheads of wine of pear- 

 mains, into the exchequer, at the feast of St. Michael. The making of cider 

 was introduced into Britain by the Normans, who, it is said, obtained the art 

 from Spain, where it is no longer practised. This liquor is supposed to have 

 been first known, however, in Africa, from its being mentioned by the two Afri- 

 can fathers, TertuUian and Augustine, and was introduced by the Cartha- 

 ginians into Biscay, a province unfriendly to the vine, on which account it 

 became the substitute in other countries. 



Many of the better varieties of the apple were probably introduced into Britam 

 from the continent, as the greater part of their names are either pure or corrupted 

 French. Thus the " Nonpareil," according to old herbalists, was brought from 

 France by a Jesuit, in the time of Queen Mary, and first planted in Oxfordshire. 

 On the other hand, the celebrated "Golden Pippin" is considered as of Briti.sh 

 origin ; and is noticed as such by French and Dutch authors. It is described bv 



* The art of graftins;, as well as that of pruning, has been ascribed to accidental origin. The occasional 

 natural union or inarching of the boughs of distinct trees in the forests, is thought to have first suggested 

 the idea of grafting ; and the more vigorous shooting of a vine, after a goat had broused on it, is said to 

 have given rise To the practice of pruning. 



