482 ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. 



tlien applyinc; a Ixill of loam, kept moist by water and moss, till roots arc tlirown 

 out tVoiii llir callosity fornu'cl at tlio riiiii, wliou tiic siuiill branch is cnt oil", and 

 planted in a porcelain i)ol, 'cither,' says Mr. Main, ' ronnd, or, most commonly, 

 of an elongated s(piare, twelve or fourteen inches long, eight inches wide, and about 

 five inches in tleplh. Along with the tree they jjlace })i('ces of stone, to rejiresent 

 rocks, among which moss and lichens are intrtjdnced. The tree, thus planted, 

 is not allowed to rise higher than about a foot or fifteen inches; no greater sup- 

 ply t)f water is given than just sufiicient to keep it alive; and, as the pot sooa 

 acts as a prison, its growth is necessarily imped(>d ; at the same time every 

 means are used to check its enlargement. The points of the shoots, and the 

 half of every new leaf, are constantly and carefully cut off; the stem and 

 branches, which are allowed to extend only a certain length', are bound and fan- 

 tastically distorted, by means of wire; the bark is lacerated to produce protuber- 

 ances, asperities and cracks; one branch is partly broken through, and allowed 

 to hang down, as if by accident; another is nuitilated to represent a dead stump; 

 in short, every exertion of the plant is checked by some studied violence or other 

 This treatment produces, in course of time, a perfect forest tree in miniature 

 Stunted and deformed, by the above means, it certainly becomes a curious object, 

 bearing all the marks of extreme old age. Its writhed and knotty stem, wea- 

 ther-stained and scabrous bark ; its distorted and partly dead branches, its dimin- 

 utive shoots and leaves ; all give it the aspect of antiquity.' " The French 

 name, The de VAbbe, Gallois, was so called from M. Gallois, who, luider the 

 reign of Louis XV., imported this variety into France, supposing it to be the real 

 Chinese tea-tree. Grafted standard high on the common English elm, the 

 Ulmus c. chinensis would form a very handsome small tree. 



16. U. c. NANA, Loudon. Dwarf Field Elm, a very distinct variety, growing 

 in the London Horticultural Society's garden, which, in ten or twelve years, 

 attained only a height of about two feet. When taken up to be removed, it was 

 found to have a root running along the surface of the ground seven or eight feet 

 in length. 



17. U. c. cucuLLATA, Loudou. Hooded-leaved Field Elm, a tree with curious 

 leaves, curved something like a hood. 



18. U. c coNCAV^FOLiA, Loudon. Concave-leaved Field Elm, somewhat resem- 

 bling the preceding kind. 



19. U. c. FOLiis AUREis, Loudou. Golden Variegated-leaved Field Elm, having 

 leaves variegated with yellow. 



20. U. c. suBERosA. Cork-harked Elm; Ulmiis snberosa, of Willdenow, Lind- 

 ley, Loudon, and others ; Orme fongeu.v, Onne-lie ge, of the French ; a very 

 marked kind of elm, but evidently a variety of the Ulmus campestris. It varies 

 exceedingly in the character of its bark ; being sometimes deeply furrowed, and 

 at other times much less so. It also varies much in the character of its head, 

 being sometimes low, loose, and spreading, and at others tall and narrow. The 

 bark, when a year old, is covered with very fine, dense cork ; hence the name 

 snberosa. The leaves are rough on both sides, are more rounded, and twice or 

 three times as large as in the common English elm. They are very unequal at 

 the base, strongly, sharply and doubly serrated, hairy beneath, with dense, 

 broad tufts at the origin of the transverse ribs. The flowers are much earlier 

 than the foliage, stalked, reddish, with four or five rounded segments, and as 

 many stamens, with dull-purple anthers. The samarge are nearly orbicular, 

 with deep sinuses reaching to the place of the seed. It is propagated by suckers, 

 and layers, or by grafting on the Ulmus c. montana. The tree is of large and 

 rapid growth, and is highly valued on account of its thriving well upon chalkv 

 soils, and in keeping in leaf till late in autumn. 



