tUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 483 



21. U. c. SUBEROSA roLiis VARiEGATis, Loudon. Variegatcd-leaved Cork-barkea 

 Field Elm ; a tree procisely like the preceding, except in its variegation. 



22. U. c. SUBEROSA ALBA, LoudoH. Wlutc Corked-bcirk Field Elm ; a low tree, 

 of more compact growth than the two preceding; and often growing into an 

 oval, or rather cone-shaped head. Tiie young shoots are pubescent; the foliage 

 thickly set, and the bark much wrinkled, becoming white with age. 



23. U. c. SUBEKOSA ERECTA, Loudou. Evect Cork-bnrkcd Field Elm ; a tree 

 with a tall, narrow head, resembling that of the Cornish elm ; but diliering from 

 that variety in having much broader leaves, and a corky bark. 



24. U. c. MAJOR. Greater Field Elm; Ulmus major, of Smith, Lindley, Lou- 

 don and others; Great Dutch Corked-barked Elm, of the British and Anglo- 

 Americans. The branches of this variety spread widely, in a drooping manner, 

 and their bark is rugged, and much more corky than even that of the Ulmus c. 

 suberosa. The leaves, which are on short, thick stalks, are larger and more 

 bluntly serrated than those of that variety ; they are rough on both sides, espe- 

 cially beneath; but the hairy tufts at the origins of the transverse ribs are very 

 small. The segments of the calyx are short and rounded ; the stamens four in 

 number; and the samarge obovate, with very small rounded sinuses, not reach- 

 ing half so far as the seeds. This appears to be the elm which was carried into 

 Britain, from Holland, by William 111. From its quick growth, it was, at first, 

 much used for hedges, and formal rows of clipped trees; but when the Dutch 

 taste in gardening declined in England, the tree was no longer cultivated, as its 

 wood was found to be very inferior to that of most other kinds of elm. This 

 variety may be propagated in the same manner as the Ulmus c. suberosa. 



25. U. c. EFFUSA. Spreading-branched Field Elm ; Ulmus effusa, of Willde- 

 now, Loudon and others ; Orme pidoncuU, of the French. The colour of the 

 young wood, the buds, and the size, colour, and serrature of the leaves of this 

 variety, are remarkably like those of the "Huntingdon Elm" (Ulmus c. montana 

 glabra vegeta.) Its leaves are large, and of a beautiful light, shining green. 

 The trunk more nearly resembles that of the Ulmus c, montana than that of the 

 common elm ; its head is more spreading, and its bark, instead of being furrowed, 

 is smooth. The buds are long, sharply pointed, and greenish, while, in the com- 

 mon elm, they are short, obtuse, and covered with grayish hairs. The tree is 

 usually more rapid in its growth, and comes fifteen or twenty days earlier into 

 leaf It is a native of Europe, chiefly in the south of France, and in the Cau- 

 casus ; flowers in April and May, and is propagated in British nurseries by 

 grafting on the Ulmus c. montana. According to Pallas, the wood is very hard 

 and durable, and is used in Russia for all the purposes for which the common 

 elm is employed in other parts of Europe. It is said that this variety is very 

 common by the road-side, between Villars-Cotterets and Paris, in France ; and 

 also between that city and Cressy. 



26. U. c. MOx\TANA. Mountain Field Elm; Ubmis montana, of Smith, Lindley, 

 Loudon, and others; Scotch Elm, Wych Elm, Wyc/i Hazel, of the British. 

 The trunk of this variety is not so upright as that of the English elm ; and soon 

 divides into long, widely-extended, and somewhat drooping branches, forming a 

 large, spreading summit. Its wood is of quicker growth than that of the Ulmus 

 campestris, and consequently, is far inferior in hardness and compactness, and 

 is more liable to split. The branches, in some individuals, are quite pendulous, 

 like those of the weeping willow, the bark of which is even and downy, Nvhen 

 young. The leaves, which are quite large, are broadly elliptical, having a long, 

 copiously serrated point; rough on the upper surface, with minute callous, bristly 

 tubercles, but less harsh than those of many oilier varieties, and pale and downv 

 beneath, with straight, parallel, transverse ribs, that are copiously hairy at their 

 origins and subdivisions. From their resemblance to those of the hazel, Cierard 



