PENSYLVANIA 57 



scribed by Rousseau, in so masterful a fashion, only 

 long after. But experience soon taught that universal 

 love may be easily imagined and preached, but, in a 

 growing colony, may not so easily be practiced. How- 

 ever, the world had to be told in this way to what 

 lengths brotherly love may go of which all hearts are 

 not equally capable, and over which self-love still holds 

 dominion. Certainly, laws would be necessary in a 

 society of saints, and perhaps would be nowhere more 

 needed than where people so easily become habituated 

 to think excentrically The history of England at that 

 time, and the individual history of the immortal Penn, 

 must be read in Smollet, Raynal, and others, since so 

 many circumstances were united to give the founder's 

 plans and achievements the directions which they took. 

 Philadelphia lies under Latitude 39 57' and Longi- 

 tude west 75 20', and so, nearly at the middle of the 

 United States the city, if not greatly beyond others in 

 America in wealth and number of houses, far surpasses 

 them all in learning, in the arts, and public spirit. The 

 plain on which Philadelphia stands is elevated ground 

 between the magnificent Delaware and the romantic 

 Schuylkill. Granite is the underlying rock, which 

 shows itself particularly along the banks of the Schuyl- 

 kill. The distance apart of the rivers, in the neighbor- 

 hood of the city, is not quite two miles ; three miles 

 below, they unite, and the tongue of land so formed, 

 called the Neck, is for the most part lower and swampier 

 than the site of the city. The plan of Philadelphia is 

 fine and regular, but not wholly faultless. The larger 

 and smaller cities of America have this advantage, that 

 they have not grown from villages by chance but were 

 planned from the beginning and have been enlarged by 



