FROM PHILADELPHIA 159 



brutal drunkenness were to be avoided. The people of 

 Wyoming are now again beginning to travel this road 

 more frequently, after having, for a long time, dared 

 use it only at the peril of their lives. These people, 

 among whom we shall shortly be, are described by our 

 host as a lawless and rude populace. 



From Nazareth we travelled (Aug. loth) North 

 and North-west. At a little distance from the place 

 the Blue Mountains come in sight. A mile on is Schbn- 

 eck, an incipient village of the Moravian Brethren. 

 There are only a few houses and families, but several 

 families of the neighborhood are counted as of the 

 community, and at Schoneck they have their meeting- 

 house. 



A mile beyond we entered all at once what appeared 

 to be a tract of public and vacant land. All the hills 

 about, as far as the eye could reach, were grown up 

 with the bush oak (Quercus nana, Dwarf oak).* 

 Only here and there stood a chesnut quite alone, or 

 one of the other oaks. We overlooked in part and in 

 part passed through some thousands of acres of land 

 bearing nothing but this description of oak. Their 



* This bush oak was similar to that growing on Long Island 

 and called Qu. Ilicifolia by von Wangenheim (Vid. his Ameri- 

 kanische Holzarten, p. 79). Marshall in his American Grove 

 calls it Dwarf black oak (Quercus nigra pumila} But Mar- 

 shall makes dwarf varieties of almost every kind of oak, 

 according as it is a growth of poor, thin soil. Thus he has a 

 Quercus alba minor, Barren White Oak. Quercus rubra nana, 

 Dwarf Barren Oak. Qtfercus prinus humilis, Dwarf Chesnut 

 or Chinquapin Oak In this way there might be dwarf vari- 

 eties of every sort of tree, wherever there is lack of nourish- 

 ment in the soil and the question may still be put, whether 

 this oak is an independent variety. 



