( IS'' ) 



Hoisdnval f1833). Howevor, tlie Madagascar sjiocimens, which P.nisdinal rcfcrmd 

 to " deiiwleiis," were doubtless eritlwnioidi'S. 



The species does not vary geograiibically on the Coutineut. The names 

 snpjilied by Herr SnfTort apply to individual aberrations. To call these individuals 

 " subs))ecies,"' and employ for them the formula now accepted by most students of 

 geograj)hical variation for the carietnx (/eograpliii-d only, is very misli'ading for 

 those who do not happen to know individuals similar to those described by Herr 

 Sutl'ert. We suppose it was not Herr Snfifert's intention to j)ublish as subspecies 

 all the numerous individual aberrations described by him in the number of the 

 Irix above cited, as he frequently speaks of them in the text as aberrations, though 

 he designates Papilio pi/lades lapydes and the named individuals of similar standing 

 as " n. snbsp." 



We have three individuals from the collection of the late Mons. rajironnier 

 representing Caprounier's ab. nuhila, and we can only again contirm the statement 

 of Anrivillius that the deep colour of the markings is due to discoloration. The 

 wings of these specimens are not black, but have a brownish tint like decayed 

 specimens. The yellow markings are not quite evenly coloured, almost every spot 

 being darker in some places than in others, and some spots having even retained 

 small dots of the natural pale yellow colour oi demodociia. We have quite a numlier 

 of specimens of Papilio demodocun, inrnestheus, zalmou'iK, hesperua, etc., showing all 

 grades of discoloration. We have repeatedly received collections in tins in a more 

 or less decayed condition, the specimens lying on the top being in perfect order, 

 and tliose at the bottom of the tin being damp and quite spoiled, the colours being 

 often so evenly changed that the uninitiated author of names might very well be 

 misled to treat such individuals as natural varieties. 



10."i. Papilio constantinus. 



Pupil,,, ,;,nsl„,ilhiiii AVaril, /•.'///. M„. M,,,/. viii. p. .34 (IsTl) (Ribr. E. Afr.). 



Only 2 c? (? were obtained, at the Mole River, 22.1.1901. They agree with 

 individuals from Mombasa and Kibwezi, British East Africa. 



In most specimens of P. constantinus from Natal and Delagoa Bay the band 

 of the hindwiug, above, is narrow, and the snbmarginal spots stand closer 

 to the margin than in the individuals from British East Africa and Ethiopia, 

 the black discal area of the hindwiug being obviously wider in most southern 

 examples than in northern ones. Nearly all our specimens from the Kikuyu 

 Escarpment, British East Africa, are distinguished liy a broad baud and large 

 snbmarginal s])ots, the contrast in the width of the black discal area of the hind- 

 wing between Delagoa Bay specimens and the Kikuyu ones being very striking. 

 The only three specimens from German East Africa (Mikindani) which we possess 

 are broad-banded, and have the snbmarginal spots of the hindwiug in the same 

 position as Delagoa Bay specimens. They are, moreover, remarkable for possessing, 

 on the upperside of the forewing before K', a large creamy patch which touches the 

 cell, and includes a small black spot, patch R'— R^ being also enlarged. The hairy 

 streaks on the npperside of the forewing are variable in width and number. They 

 are narrower in all our Kiknyn specimens and in several examples from other 

 localities, while they are merged together in many individuals from Mombasa, 

 Kibwezi, Mikindani, Delagoa Bay, and Natal. 



