138 STATE POMOIvOGICAl, SOCIETY. 



An Italian shepherdess in that same region, with that same 

 old bridge which I showed you a little while ago. These sheep 

 are driven around wherever there is pasturage. 



ITAUAN SCHOOLS OF AGRICULTURE. 



I had some opportunity of examining educational institutions, 

 those institutions which give instruction in agrculture and horti- 

 culture, and I was interested in visiting one of the oldest uni- 

 versities in Italy, viz., the University of Bolona, and I took a 

 photograph of a class-room three hundred and fifty years old. 

 It has not been strictly brought up to date. I imagine it differs 

 in certain marked degrees from the university class-rooms you 

 find in the institutions in this or other states. It is not remark- 

 able for aesthetic adornment. It remains as it was two or three 

 centuries ago. 



One of the institutions which should be credited with preserv- 

 ing and handing down a knowledge of the arts and sciences, 

 a knowledge of horticulture and those crafts connected with 

 agriculture, is the monastery, and here we have a picture of 

 one of the old monasteries of Italy. The priests and the monks 

 of these monasteries were the agents who voiced and recorded 

 a knowledge of these arts and who preserved to us many of the 

 records which would otherwise have perished. You notice that 

 they manufactured some articles. Here is a brand of liqueur 

 manufactured by this particular one which no doubt is appre- 

 ciated wherever it is known. 



IMPLEMENTS AND OLIVE ORCHARDS. 



You will be surprised to see what primitive and rude imple- 

 ments are used, even at the present time, in parts of Italy. I 

 am speaking still of Italy. There is a plow. I don't believe 

 it would be looked upon with favor by a Maine farmer. It is 

 simply a rough nose tipped with iron on a wooden base and 

 hauled by a sort of tongue. Here is one in use in an olive 

 orchard, and there is a typical Etruscan peasant as one sees 

 him on the Italian Riviera, in that olive growing region. We 

 see it here in operation. I don't think I would enjoy following 

 that kind of plow any more than I did enjoy following the plow 

 some years ago in Canada when it danced among the stones 



