STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I43 



land are often divided up into little compartments as it were^ 

 li:tle areas, by these magnificent hedges of beech. We don't 

 use the beech in this country as a hedge plant; it will not stand 

 our trimming here. 



These live walls six or eight feet high are great protections 

 from wind, of course not adapted to our method of cultivation, 

 but there you see five series of these hedges dividing different 

 types of plants from each other. And what we see there is 

 typical of many parts of the English landscape. 



TRAINED TREES. 



Another characteristic of the nurseryman's work and the fruit 

 growers' work in both England and Europe is the trained tree. 

 Nurserymen make these trained trees to order in the nursery. 

 You can have one in any form you like, fan-shaped, two-arm 

 system, any shape you desire. All that is necessary is a suit- 

 able frame to give you the style of tree you want. It is an illus- 

 tration of the old story, "As the twig is bent so the tree will 

 grow." The work is done by an ordinary type of workman. 

 The side branches are cut off, the others spread out and tied 

 down. Here is one of the old trees, an old pear tree. You 

 see it has been trained in that formal shape. Thousands and 

 thousands of those trees are grown on walls and trellises in 

 England and in France. They make very attractive side wall 

 ornaments. Here is one rather more ambitious in its form, a 

 complete circle, and then out of the circle a sort of fan-shaped 

 top appearing. In this particular instance it formed the end 

 piece down a long walk in a Frenchman's garden. Another 

 form in which they are often used is in the making of pergolas 

 and arbors. The trees are trained up over an iron arch, meeting 

 at the top and growing solidly together. 



Here we see how completely the ground is occupied, cropped 

 and intercropped. This is an original planting of fruit 

 trees for permanent trees, with bush plants, such as currants, 

 gooseberries and raspberries interplanted to an extent that the 

 entire surface of the ground is occupied from the start. 



One of the great industries of a part of Belgium is the grow- 

 ing of palm trees. This shows part of a packing room in one 

 of the great Ghent nurseries where several acres of ground are 



