Genus 7. 



MADDER FAMILY. 



9. Galium circaezans Michx. Wild 



Liquorice. Cross-Cleavers. 



Fig- 3936- 



G. circaezans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 80. 1803. 



Galium circaezans glabellum Britton, Mem. Torr. 

 Club 5 : 303. i8y4. 



Perennial, more or less pubescent, or gla- 

 brate, branched, l-2 high. Leaves in 4's, 

 oval, oval-lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or ob- 

 tusish at the apex, 3-nerved, 6"-l8" long, 

 4"-8" wide, usually somewhat pubescent on 

 both surfaces, ciliolate, the lower smaller ; 

 cymes divaricately branched ; flowers sessile 

 or nearly so, greenish; corolla hirsute with- 

 out, or glabrous, its lobes acute; fruit hispid, 

 similar to that of the preceding species, at 

 length deflexed. 



In dry woods, Quebec and Ontario to Minne- 

 sota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. May-July. 



10. Galium kamtschaticum Steller. North- 

 ern Wild Liquorice. Fig. 3937. 



Galium kamtschaticum Steller; R. & S. Mant. 3: 186. 



1827. 

 Galium Littellii Oakes, Hovey's Mag. 7: 179. 1S41. 

 Galium circaezans var. montanum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 



2 : 24. 1841. 



Similar to the preceding species, but weak, 

 smaller, stems 4-15' long. Leaves in 4's, broadly 

 oval, orbicular, or obovate, thin, 3-nerved, obtuse, 

 mucronulate. 6"-i8" long, 4"-i2" wide, glabrate, 

 or, pubescent with short scattered hairs on the 

 upper surface and on the nerves beneath, some- 

 times ciliate; flowers few, all on pedicels 2"-6" 

 long; corolla glabrous, yellowish-green, its lobes 

 acutish; fruit hispid, 2" broad. 



In mountainous regions, Cape Breton Island, Que- 

 bec, northern New England and northern New York. 

 Also in northeastern Asia. Summer. 



11. Galium boreale L. Northern Bed- 

 straw. Fig. 3938. 



Galium boreale L. Sp. PI. 108. 1753. 



Galium septentrionale R. & S. Syst. 3 : 253. 1818. 



Erect, perennial, smooth and glabrous, strict, 

 simple, or branched, leafy, l-2l high. Leaves 

 in 4's, lanceolate or linear, 3-nerved, obtuse 

 or acute, 1-2J' long, l"-3" wide, the margins 

 sometimes ciliate; panicles terminal, dense, 

 many-flowered, the flowers white, panicled, in 

 small compact cymes ; fruit hispid, at least 

 when young, sometimes becoming glabrate 

 when mature, about 1" broad. 



In rocky soil or along streams, Quebec to 3 

 Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, "2" 

 Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico and California. 

 Also in Europe and northern Asia. May-Aug. 



