FUIMAN: OSTARIOPHYSI 



133 



Fig. 65. Representative siluriform larvae. (A-B) Clariidae: Clanas gariepinus (British Museum of Natural History, uncataloged) (A) 6.6 mm 

 and (B) 8.4 mm TL; (C) Loricariidae: Ancistrus spinosus (UMMZ 212152) 8.3 mm TL; (D-E) Rhamphichthyidae; Eigenmannia virescens (D) 

 5.0 and (E) 8.1 mm TL. 



uation of relationships based on developmental characters. The 

 following analysis attempts to evaluate the contribution of se- 

 lected developmental characters to ostariophysan systematics 

 by constructing an independent assessment of phylogeny based 

 on developmental characters. That the assessment should be 

 independent was attested by Moser and Ahlstrom (1974): "we 

 are increasingly impressed with the functional independence of 

 larval and adult characters. It is apparent that the world of the 

 larvae and the world of the adults are two quite separate evo- 

 lutionary theaters." 



Representative ontogenetic series of all families of ostario- 

 physans are nearly impossible to obtain because of the large size 

 and wide geographic distribution of the group and the dearth 

 of ichthyologists studying larvae. Consequently, the analyses 

 employed here were based on specimens generated from labo- 

 ratory breeding experiments, wild-caught material, and data 

 published in apparently accurate accounts of ontogeny. Species 

 used in the analyses included four outgroups to the Ostariophysi 

 (Gonorynchiformes, Clupeomorpha, "Salmoniformes," and 

 Osteoglossomorpha), all characiforms and siluriforms with suf- 

 ficient morphometric and developmental data for analysis, and 

 a sample of five species from the most primitive cypriniform 

 family, Cyprinidae. These cyprinid species possess different 

 combinations of larval characters (determined by their location 

 on a Wagner tree generated for 33 larval cyprinids [Fuiman, 

 1983a]). Although not used directly, incomplete data on ap- 

 proximately 85 additional non-cyprinid ostariophysans provid- 

 ed corroborative information. 



Species included in the analysis of relationships and their 



sources are listed below. Initials denote specimens borrowed 

 from, or information provided by: Florida State Board of Con- 

 servation (FSBC), University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 

 (UMMZ), or Frank Kirschbaum (FK). 



OsTEOGLOSSiFORMEs: Hiodofi tergisus [Snyder and Douglas 

 (1978); Wallus (1981, pers. comm.)]. 



Salmoniformes: Osmerus mordax [Cooper ( 1 978); Tin ( 1 982b)]. 



Clupeiformes: Alosa pseudoharengus [Jones et al. (1978); Tin 

 (1982a)]. 



Gonorynchiformes: Chanos chanos [Chaudhuri et al. (1978); 

 Liaoet al. (1979); Miller et al. (1979)]. 



Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae— Cvpn>!Wicarp/o [UMMZ 21 1678; 

 Hoda and Tsukahara (1971); Nakamura (1969); Okada 

 (I960)]; Leiiciscus cephaliis [Cemy (1977); Kryzhanovskii 

 (1949); Penaz (1968); Prokes and Penaz (1980)]; Opsan- 

 ichthys unciroslris [Kryzhanovskii et al. (1951); Makeeva 

 and Ryabov (1973); Nakamura (1951, 1969)]; Parabramts 

 pekmensis [Institute of Hydrobiology (1976); Kryzhanov- 

 skii et al. (1951)]; Squalidus gracilis [Nakamura (1969)]. 



Characiformes: Alestidae— .-l/eirw haremose [Durand and 

 Loubens (1971 )]. Erythrinidae— //op/Zaj^ malabaricus [FSBC 

 8962, 8963, 9593; de Azevedo and Gomes (1942); Hensley 

 (1976); Moreira ( 1 920); von Ihering et al. ( 1 928)]. Charac- 

 idae— Hyphessobrycon cf. callistiis [UMMZ 21 1676], Ser- 

 r&sdAmiddie— Serrasalmus nattereri [UMMZ 21 1677; Azu- 

 ma(1975)]. 



Siluriformes: Siluroidei: Ba.gn6.aQ — Mystus seenghala [Saigal 

 and Motwani (1962)]; Rita rila [Karamchandani and Mot- 



Cypriniformes 



Characiformes 



Siluroidei 



Gymnotoidei 



Fig. 66. Cladogram of ostariophysan relationships derived from adult characters by Fink and Fink (1981). Stem lengths imply no special 

 significance. 



