156 



ONTOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF FISHES-AHLSTROM SYMPOSIUM 



Table 38. Literature References for Ontogenetic Stages of Argentinoids. 



Species 



Egg 



Transformation stage 



Argentinidae 

 Argentina elongata 

 A. silus 



A. sphyraena 

 Glossanodon leioglossus 

 G. polli 



G. semifascialus 

 Microstoma microstoma 



Nansenia groenlandica 

 N. oblita 

 Xenopthahnichthys danae 



Bathylagidae 

 Balhylagus antarcticus 



B. euryops 



B. longirostris 



B. nigrigenys 



B. ochotensis 

 B. schmidti 

 B. stilbius 

 B. wesethi 



Opisthoproctidae 



Balhylychnops exitis 

 Dolichopteryx spp. 

 Dolichopteryx longipes 

 Macropinna microstoma 

 Opisthoproctus grimaldii 

 Rhynchohyalus natalensis 

 H'interia telescopa 



Robertson, 1975a 

 Schmidt, 1906c 

 Sanzo, 193 Id 

 Sanzo, 193 Id 



Nishimura, 1966 

 Sanzo, 193 Id 



Sanzo, 193 Id 



Yefremenko, 1982 



Pertseva-Ostroumova 

 and Rass, 1973 



Ahlstrom, 1969 

 Ahlstrom, 1969 

 Ahlstrom, 1969 



Holt, 1898; Schmidt, 1906c 

 Schmidt, 1906c, Sanzo, 193 Id 

 Schmidt, 1918, Sanzo. 193 Id 



Nishimura, 1966 



Lo Bianco, 1903; Schmidt, 19 If 



Sanzo, 193 Id 

 Schmidt, 1918 

 Schmidt, 1918; Sanzo, 193 Id 



Yefremenko, 1979a, 1983 



Brauer, 1906; TSmng, 1931 



Ehrenbaum, 1905-09; Murray 

 and Hjort. 1912; Roule and 

 Angel, 1930; Beebe, 1933b 



Pertseva-Ostroumova and Rass, 

 1973 



Ahlstrom, 1972b 



Dunn, 1983a 



Ahlstrom, 1965, 1972b 



Ahlstrom, 1965, 1972b 



Roule and Angel, 1930 

 Beebe, 1933a 

 Chapman, 1939 

 Schmidt, 1918 

 Bertelsen et al., 1965 

 Belyanina, 1982b 



Schmidt. 1906 

 Sanzo, 1931d 

 Poll, 1953 

 Nishimura, 1966 

 Schmidt, 1918 



Schmidt, 1918 

 Schmidt, 1918 

 Bertelsen, 1958 



TSning, 1931 

 Beebe, 1933b 



Ahlstrom, 1972b 

 Dunn, 1983a 



Cohen, 1960 



Although now there seems to be general agreement as to the 

 genera to be included in the group, their internal arrangement 

 is an unsettled matter. Opinions range from those of C. L. Hubbs 

 (1953), who relegated all to a single family, to those of Chapman 

 (1948 and papers cited therein), who advocated eight different 

 families. Subsequently Cohen (1964b) classified the group in 

 three families using inadequately evaluated characters. 



Family Argentinidae (most genera are probably worldwide): 

 Subfamily Argentininae (benthopelagic. outer shelf to slope): 



Argentina (12 species) and 



Glossanodon (seven or more species). 

 Subfamily Microstomatinae (mesopelagic)': 



Microstoma (one or two species), 



Nansenia ( 1 3 species) and 



Xenophthalmichthys (one or two species). 

 Family Bathylagidae (meso-to bathypelagic): 



Bathylagns (including Leiiroglossiis and Therobromus; about 



a dozen to 1 5 species; several species in the Arctic and 



Antarctic). 

 Family Opisthoproctidae (mesopelagic): 



Group 1: 



Macropinna (one species; restricted to N. Pacific and east- 

 em S. Pacific), 



' Herein considered a distinct family. 



Opisthoproctus (two species), 



Rhynchohyalus (one species; Atlantic and Indian Oceans) 

 and H'interia (one species). 



Group II: 



Balhylychnops (one or more species), and 



Dolichopteryx (perhaps half a dozen species). 

 An alternate arrangement presented by Greenwood and Ro- 

 sen (1971) and essentially based on inadequately evaluated char- 

 acters in the branchial arches and caudal fin skeleton proposed 

 two families within a superfamily Argentinoidea: Family Ar- 

 gentinidae and Family Bathylagidae with Subfamily Bathyla- 

 ginae (including Microstomatidae) and Subfamily Opistho- 

 proctinae. 



Unanswered questions concerning the systematics of the group 

 are numerous and exist at all levels. Following is a summary. 

 ( 1 ) What are the external relationships of the argentinoids? (2) 

 How many distinct lineages exist within the group, how should 

 they best be arranged with respect to each other, and how many 

 families should be recognized? (3) Do Argentina and Glossan- 

 odon constitute a monophyletic group? If not, where does each 

 belong? (4) How many genera should be recognized among the 

 bathylagids? (5) Within the opisthoproct group do the elongate 

 species in the Bathylychnops-Dolichopieryx group and the short- 

 bodied species in the Opisthoproctus group constitute mono- 

 phyletic lineages and if so should they be named? (6) Since 

 species complements of genera are inadequately known, espe- 



