284 



ONTOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF FISHES-AHLSTROM SYMPOSIUM 



Table 77. Summary of Egg Characters in Genera of the Family Gadidae. All eggs are spherical in shape with a homogeneous yolk. 



Russell (1976), Schmidt (1905b) 

 Schmidt (1905b) 



Brederand Rosen (1966), Jude (1982b), Morrow 

 (1980), Schmidt (1907a). Snyder (1979) 



Fahay (1983), Hardy (1978a). Russell (1976) 



Dekhnik (1973), Russell (1976) 



Wenner(1978) 



Fahay (1983), Hardy (1978a) 



Russell (1976) 



Kennedy and Fitzmaurice (1969), Russell (1976) 



Russell (1976) 



Dehknik (1973), Russell (1976) 



Fahay (1983), Fridgeirsson (1978), Russell (1976) 



Hardy (1978a), Russell (1976) 



Mukhacheva and Zviagina (1960), Russell (1976) 



Russell (1976) 



Hardy (1978a), this study 



Breder and Rosen (1966), Kozlov (1952), Mukhacheva 



(1957), Mukhacheva and Zviagina (1960) 

 Pertseva (1936). Rass (1968), Russell (1976) 

 Zviagina (1961) 



Gorbunova (1954), Yusa (1954) 

 Lisovenkoet al. (1982), Russell (1976), Seaton 



and Bailey (1971) 



' Applies lo P. cfieslen only. 

 ' Ovarian eggs only. 



(except Arctogadus). Finally, we attempt to evaluate the rela- 

 tionships of the subfamilies of gadid fishes based on early life 

 history and adult characters. 



Methods 



We have examined developmental series of varying com- 

 pleteness of representatives of all gadid genera except Phycis 

 and Arctogadus. of which only juvenile specimens were avail- 

 able to us. Measurements were taken on these series and smaller 

 series were differentally stained (Dingerkus and Uhler, 1977) 

 for study of developmental osteology. 



Russell (1976) described eggs and pigment patterns in gadid 

 larvae. Matarese et al. (1981) modified the terminology used by 

 Russell in describing postanal pigment and we use their ter- 

 minology here. 



Our discussion of osteology presented here is limited pri- 

 marily to features of the pectoral and pelvic girdle, vertebral 

 column, and median and paired fins. Svetovidov (1948) and 

 Mujib (1967, 1969) have described cranial osteology. Matarese 

 et al. (1981) and Markle (1982) have discussed the significance 

 of median fins in gadoid fishes. 



Characteristics of Adult and Early 

 Life History Stages 



Family Gadidae.— Gadid fishes possess four to six pectoral ra- 

 dials; the posttemporal is attached to the skull in adults and 

 possesses a ventral branch of varying length. An anterior process 

 of varying length is present on the coracoid, but a posterior 

 process is lacking. The postcleithrum is variously curved and, 

 in some genera, possesses an expanded distal head. The pelvic 



basipterygia have a posterio-lateral process of varying length. 

 The first neural spine is attached to the supraoccipital crest in 

 adult fishes; and subsequent anterior neural spines (on vertebrae 

 2-10) vary in length and are oriented vertically or posteriorly. 

 One or two predorsal bones are present in some genera but are 

 absent in most. One to three dorsal and one or two anal fins are 

 present. When two dorsal fins are present, the first may be 

 separate from the second (intemeural bones absent), or contin- 

 uous (intemeural bones present); when three dorsal fins are pres- 

 ent the second is always internally continuous with the third; 

 when two anal fins are present, they too are internally contin- 

 uous. The distance (number of intemeural bones) between mul- 

 tiple dorsal and anal fins varies among genera. 



The caudal fin has three hypural bones (Matarese et al., 1981) 

 including the parhypural (Markle, 1982), and four to six "pri- 

 mary" caudal fin rays (those articulating with the superior hy- 

 pural bone [Markle, 1982]). Accessory (.x and y) bones are pres- 

 ent or absent, two epural bones are present, uroneural bones are 

 absent, two ural centra are present, and the neural and haemal 

 spines on preural centra one are broadly spatulate in most gen- 

 era. Matarese et al. ( 1 98 1 ) did not detect fusion of hypural bones 

 during ontogeny of Microgadus proximus, but they hypothe- 

 sized that hypural 2 represented a fusion of hypurals 2 and 3 

 and that hypural 3 represented a fusion of hypurals 4-6. because 

 of the presence of three inferior and three superior hypural 

 elements in Moridae (Fitch and Barker, 1972), which is generally 

 considered a more primitive family than Gadidae. 



Subfamily Lotinae (Tables 77-82. Figs. 145-146.). — Membtrs 

 of the Lotinae are elongate gadid fishes including Brosme, Mol- 



