DUNN AND MATARESE: GADIDAE 



287 



Table 78. Extended. 



Fahay (1983), Russell (1976), this study 

 Russell (1976), Schmidt (1906b), this study 

 Fish (1932), Jude (1982b), Snyder (1979) 



Fahay (1983), Hardy (1978a), Russell (1976) 



Demir (1982), Markle (1982) 



D'Ancona (1933a), Fahay (1983), Russell (1976) 



Fahay (1983), Hardy (1978a) 



Russell (1976), this study 



Russell (1976), Schmidt (1907b). this study 



Russell (1976), Schmidt (1905a, 1906a), this study 



Russell (1976), this study 



Fahay (1983), Russell (1976), this study 



Fahay (1983), Scott (1982) 



Mukhacheva and Zviagina (1960), this study 



Russell (1976), Schmidt (1905a, 1906a), this study 



Matareseet al. (1981) 



Dunn and Vinter(1984) 



This study 



Zviagina (1961) 



Dunn and Vinter (1984), this study, (T. Nishiyama, pers. 



comm. July 15, 1982) 

 Russell (1976), Schmidt (1905a), Seaton and Bailey (1971) 



both between and within genera (Table 79, Fig. 147A-F). At 

 some size, phycine larvae usually have a single postanal pigment 

 bar located about midtrunk, but Ciliata has two bars (which 

 disappear during ontogeny) and Raniceps has none. Phycts lar- 

 vae less than 4.3 mm in length are not known, but larger post- 

 flexion larvae have a single midtrunk patch of pigment. The 

 location of the pigment bar varies among species of Gaidrop- 

 sarus. Postanal pigment spots along the ventral body midline 

 occur in Raniceps (anteriorly) and in Ciliata. Caudal pigment 

 can be present or absent and may be taxonomically significant 

 at the species level. 



Phycines have two dorsal fins and one anal fin (Svetovidov, 

 1 948); the first and second dorsal fins are only slightly separated 

 (Table 81). A predorsal bone is present in Urophycis, Phycis 

 chestcri (two in P. blennoides) and Raniceps. but is wanting in 

 the other genera. X/Y bones are present (Fig. 148 A), or usually 

 present in Raniceps (Fig. 148B). Neural and haemal spines on 

 PU, are distally flattened except in Raniceps, in which those 

 bones are distally rounded. We detected evidence of ontogenetic 

 fusion of the hypural bones in Raniceps. as hypurals 2 and 3 

 are bifurcate distally (Fig. 148), and a sixth hypural bone was 

 found in one larva. 



Subfamily Gadinae (Tables 77-82. Figs. 149-1 5 D. — lhis 

 subfamily contains the "true cods." There are approximately 

 30 nominal species presently assigned to twelve genera. They 

 are found in the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Arctic oceans 

 except for a single species, Micwmesistius australis. which is 

 distributed in the western South Atlantic Ocean to 60°S (Merrett, 

 1963;Shust, 1978). 



The subfamily Gadinae is characterized as follows [MarkJe 

 (1982); this study]: egg diameter relatively large (0.9 to 1.9 mm); 

 no oil globule; vertebrae moderately numerous (39-64 total 

 vertebrae, 1 7-26 precaudal); pterotic spines absent; pelvic fin 

 ray formation at the same time as notochord flexion; .\ and v 

 bones absent; 4-5 primary caudal fin rays; 46-70 total caudal 

 fin rays; relatively few total dorsal and total anal fin elements 

 (D, 45-67 and A, 35-65). 



Eggs of gadines are well known, with eggs of one or more 

 species of each genus described, except for Gadiculus and Arc- 

 togadus (Table 77). Most species shed small, planktonic eggs, 

 but demersal eggs are deposited by a number of species (Gadus 

 macrocephalus and both species of Microgadus. Eleginus. and, 

 presumably, Arctogadus). Characteristic pigment develops on 

 late stage embryos which aids in their identification. 



Gadine larvae are also well known except for Arctogadus (Ta- 

 bles 78, 79). Length at hatching ranges from 2 to 6 mm, yolk 

 absorption (when known) occurs relatively early, notochbrd 

 flexion occurs from about 7 to 1 7 mm, and transformation to 

 the juvenile stage occurs at about 25-40 mm. The duration of 

 the pelagic state is moderate to long. Preflexion larvae typically 

 are moderately slender, tapering toward the tail, while flexion 

 larvae tend to be more robust (Table 78). 



Head pigment is more diverse and diagnostically more im- 

 portant in this subfamily than in the lotines or phycines. Larvae 

 of most genera have pigment on the dorsal head and on the 

 mouth (usually the dentary). In some genera, the presence (e.g., 

 Eleginus) or absence (e.g., Boreogadus) of gular and isthmus 

 pigment is important in identification. Absence of ventral gut 

 melanophores in certain size larvae (e.g., Boreogadus, Melano- 



